{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T06:21:57Z","timestamp":1783578117128,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031829","name":"Ceva Sant\u00e9 Animale","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Catalan Government","award":["N\u00ba. 2022 DI 56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u00ba. 2022 DI 56"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Maternally derived antibody (MDA) levels of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) may eventually interfere with humoral response and vaccination efficacy. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a ready-to-use PCV2d and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae combined vaccine in piglets with different PCV2 MDA levels at vaccination in an experimental inoculation with a heterologous viral genotype. Methods: Forty-eight piglets were allocated into vaccinated (V) and non-vaccinated (NV) groups with high (H) and low (L) PCV2 MDA subgroups (H-V, H-NV, L-V, L-NV). At 3 weeks of age, the piglets received either one dose of vaccine or placebo. Five weeks later, all animals were intranasally challenged with a PCV2b inoculum. Body weight was registered at different time points. Blood samples, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) were collected and used to assess viraemia, viral load, humoral and cellular responses and histological lesions. Results: The V group showed higher PCV2 antibody levels from challenge onwards, along with a lower percentage of viraemic pigs and reduced viral load in serum at 2 and 3 weeks post-challenge (wpc) and in TBLN tissues compared to the NV group. The H-V group had the highest antibody levels post-challenge, showed no detectable viraemia and had a lower overall amount of virus in tissues. The NV group (especially H-NV) exhibited increased levels of IFN-\u03b3, IFN-\u03b1 and TNF-\u03b1 post-challenge. Conclusions: The tested vaccine elicited humoral and cellular immune responses and reduced viral presence in serum and tissues, demonstrating efficacy in a PCV2 subclinical infection model despite high MDA levels at the time of vaccination. Understanding both humoral and cellular immune responses according to different MDA levels can help design more effective vaccination strategies against PCV2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13101076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:24:02Z","timestamp":1761056642000},"page":"1076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Efficacy of a Novel PCV2d and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Combined Vaccine in Piglets with High and Low Levels of PCV2 Maternally Derived Antibodies at Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"M\u00f2nica","family":"Sagrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Animal Health, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"},{"name":"Unitat mixta d\u2019investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"},{"name":"Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7106-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Garza-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c0lex","family":"Cobos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Animal Health, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"},{"name":"Unitat mixta d\u2019investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"},{"name":"WOAH Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Llorens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Animal Health, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Huerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Animal Health, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Animal Health, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Animal Health, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Espigares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1539-7261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Segal\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat mixta d\u2019investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"},{"name":"WOAH Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterin\u00e0ria, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3867-1988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Sibila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRTA, Animal Health, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"},{"name":"Unitat mixta d\u2019investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"},{"name":"WOAH Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.02.010","article-title":"Cost of post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome and porcine circovirus type-2 subclinical infection in England-an economic disease model","volume":"110","author":"Alarcon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. 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