{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:07:29Z","timestamp":1789506449568,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":341,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82304034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 vaccination has played a pivotal role in mitigating the global health crisis and reducing morbidity and mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. While its public health benefits are unequivocal, the unprecedented scale of vaccination\u2014reaching billions worldwide\u2014has also enabled the detection of rare autoimmune events, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Although such events occur in only a small subset of individuals, often influenced by genetic, environmental, or dosage-related factors, they underscore the importance of understanding immune tolerance mechanisms in vaccination. This review synthesizes clinical observations and immunological findings from the COVID-19 vaccination era, highlighting key mechanisms such as molecular mimicry, adjuvant-induced inflammation, bystander activation, epitope spreading, and polyclonal B cell activation. We also consider how novel vaccine platforms, particularly mRNA-based technologies, may influence immune regulation and self-tolerance. Importantly, we discuss the therapeutic management of vaccine-associated autoimmunity, including the use of corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), plasma exchange, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and other immunosuppressive agents, many of which have led to favorable clinical outcomes. By integrating mechanistic insights with treatment strategies, this review emphasizes that the overall benefits of COVID-19 vaccination overwhelmingly outweigh the risks, while advocating for continued surveillance, mechanistic research, and risk stratification to inform safer and more targeted vaccination strategies in future pandemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13111112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T01:23:59Z","timestamp":1761873839000},"page":"1112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Vaccine-Associated Autoimmunity: From Clinical Signals to Immune Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mou","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2095-2151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Precision Dermatology and Molecular Immunology of the Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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