{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:20:48Z","timestamp":1793118048869,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais \u2013 FAPEMIG","award":["APQ05041-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ05041-23"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior \u2013 Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Pro-Reitoria de Pesquisa da UFMG","award":["PRPq-UFMG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRPq-UFMG"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Poxv\u00edrus"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["406441\/2022-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["406441\/2022-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Varicellovirus bovinealpha1 and Varicellovirus bovinealpha5 (BoAHV-1 and BoAHV-5), respectively, are widely distributed pathogens that cause distinct clinical conditions in cattle including infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis\/balanoposthitis, and meningoencephalitis. Due to the establishment of viral latency, controlling these infections is challenging, and vaccination remains the most effective strategy. In this study, vaccine candidates targeting both BoAHV-1 and BoAHV-5 were developed. Methods: A synthetic gene encoding immunodominant epitopes from the gB and gD proteins and tegument phosphoprotein of BoAHV-1 and BoAHV-5 was designed to produce a multi-epitope recombinant antigen, expressed both in a prokaryotic system (RecBoAHV) and by a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA-BoAHV) viral vector. The binding affinity of MHC-I to bovine leukocyte antigens (BoLA) was predicted using the NetMHCpan tool (version 4.1). The immunogenicity of the vaccine candidates was evaluated in rabbit and mouse models, using prime-boost immunization protocols. Sera from bovines naturally infected with BoAHV-1 and\/or BoAHV-5 were used to evaluate the chimeric protein antigenicity. Immune responses were assessed by indirect ELISA and Western blot. Results: The recombinant multi-epitope protein was effectively recognized by IgG and IgM antibodies in sera from cattle naturally infected with BoAHV-1 or BoAHV-5, confirming the antigenic specificity. Both RecBoAHV and MVA-RecBoAHV induced strong and specific humoral immune responses in rabbits following a homologous prime-boost regimen. In mice, both homologous and heterologous prime-boost protocols revealed robust immunogenicity, particularly after the second booster dose. Conclusions: These findings highlight the immunogenic potential of the RecBoAHV multi-epitope vaccine candidates for controlling BoAHV-1 and BoAHV-5 infections. Further characterization of these vaccine formulations is currently underway in bovine, the target specie.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13111115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T01:23:59Z","timestamp":1761873839000},"page":"1115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Multi-Epitope Recombinant Vaccine Candidate Against Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 1 and 5 Elicits Robust Immune Responses in Mice and Rabbits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3042-4245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline Aparecida Silva","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia B\u00e1sica e Aplicada (LVBA), Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-720, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samille Henriques","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia B\u00e1sica e Aplicada (LVBA), Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-720, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateus","family":"Laguardia-Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia B\u00e1sica e Aplicada (LVBA), Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-720, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda Borges","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia B\u00e1sica e Aplicada (LVBA), Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-720, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9988-3236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Jorge","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia B\u00e1sica e Aplicada (LVBA), Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-720, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raissa Prado","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0260-353X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Augusto Teixeira","family":"Leoc\u00e1dio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia B\u00e1sica e Aplicada (LVBA), Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-720, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1gata Lopes","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia B\u00e1sica e Aplicada (LVBA), Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-720, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6090-4253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karine Lima","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas em Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto 15090-000, 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