{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:16:14Z","timestamp":1787030174075,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003009","name":"Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["49029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["49029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly spreading, evolving virus that induces multiple manifestations, including respiratory, urinary, and reproductive symptoms, and presents a considerable risk to the Egyptian poultry sector. This study assessed various IBV vaccination protocols available in broiler populations comprising live attenuated vaccines such as IB Var II, 793\/B (4\/91), IB Primer, and H120 against the local novel IBV-GI-23.3 strain. Methods: Vaccines were administered to eight groups of SPF chicks at 1 day only or 1 + 14 days of age. Birds were challenged via the oculo-nasal route at 28 days of age using 106 EID50\/0.2 mL\/chick with the NewValley-1-EGYIBV-GI23.3-2023 local strain. Ciliostasis activity and the scores for histopathological lesions were evaluated at 7 days post-challenge (DPC). Virus shedding was monitored at 3, 5, and 7 DPC using the real-time RT-PCR method. Results: The ciliostasis test indicated that the vaccinated groups receiving the IB Primer + 4\/91 vaccine regime at 1 day only or 1 + 14 days of age received the highest level of protection (65%, 68%, respectively). Similarly, administration of IB Primer + IB Var II at 1 + 14 days of age demonstrated substantial protection (63%). Conversely, administering the H120 + 4\/91 vaccination protocol at days 1 and 14 resulted in a moderate level of protection (53%). Tracheal IBV shedding quantification and subsequent histopathological signs of trachea, proventriculus, bursa, and kidney degenerative changes were significantly lower in the vaccinated groups (especially the IB Primer + 4\/91 vaccine regime at 1 day only or 1 + 14 days) than in the positive control groups. Conclusions: The heterologous combined IB Primer + 4\/91 program demonstrated the most significant protective efficacy against the IBV field challenge strains compared with other vaccines in broiler chickens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13111132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:15:14Z","timestamp":1762175714000},"page":"1132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Successive Efficacy Evaluation of Various Commercial Live-Attenuated Avian coronavirus Vaccination Schedules Against a Local GI-23.3 Challenge in SPF Broilers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5862-3137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman Abd ElMenum","family":"Shosha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Khargia 72511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Abdelnaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Khargia 72511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3229-4069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Mahmoud","family":"Zanaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abd Elfattah","family":"ElZanaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Selim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1750-1448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Eldaghayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli P.O. Box 13662, Libya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.36380\/jwpr.2021.36","article-title":"Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus Strains Circulating in Rabbit Population Using Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Abodalal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. World Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.01.023","article-title":"Investigation of many bacterial and viral infections circulating in pigeons showing nervous symptoms","volume":"29","author":"Badr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. 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