{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:38:09Z","timestamp":1793147889924,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC2305500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2305500"]}]},{"name":"Knowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Basic Research","award":["2022020801010569"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022020801010569"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017958","name":"Health Commission of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["WJ2021M262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WJ2021M262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017958","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Hubei Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","award":["2022CFA068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFA068"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Public Health Youth Talents Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major pathogen of acute lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. This review focuses on the progress of RSV vaccine development, especially subunit vaccines targeting the fusion protein (F) and attachment glycoprotein (G), aiming to summarize key strategies, challenges, and future directions in the field. Methods: The review is based on a comprehensive literature search and analysis of recent studies on RSV vaccine development, with a specific focus on subunit vaccines and related technologies. Results: Approved vaccines such as Abrysvo and Arexvy utilize structural engineering to stabilize the prefusion conformation of the F protein (PreF), thereby exposing neutralizing epitopes. Subunit vaccine candidates such as DS-Cav1 and DT-PreF enhance stability through disulfide bonds and dityrosine linkages, while ADV110 targets the conserved domain of the G protein to elicit cross-strain immunity. Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines like IVX-A12 combine RSV and human metapneumovirus antigens to provide broad-spectrum immunity. However, challenges exist, including maintaining PreF stability, overcoming immunosenescence in the elderly, and addressing safety concerns like Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS). Conclusions: Future RSV vaccine development should center on combined PreF-G protein vaccines, VLP technology, and optimizing cold-chain logistics to improve global accessibility and overcome existing challenges, thereby providing more effective prevention and control of RSV infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13111133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:40:48Z","timestamp":1762180848000},"page":"1133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["RSV Vaccines: Targeting Prefusion F and G Proteins from Structural Design to Clinical Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dongrunhan","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyi","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Genetic Metabolic and Endocrine Rare Diseases, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China"},{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Disease Laboratory, Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zunhui","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China"},{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Disease Laboratory, Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1963-839X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Genetic Metabolic and Endocrine Rare Diseases, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China"},{"name":"Pediatric Respiratory Disease Laboratory, Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children\u2019s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix378","article-title":"Microorganisms Associated with Pneumonia in Children <5 Years of Age in Developing and Emerging Countries: The GABRIEL Pneumonia Multicenter, Prospective, Case-Control Study","volume":"65","author":"Messaoudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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