{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T18:13:46Z","timestamp":1762452826060,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indonesia Army Cellcure Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The dengue virus remains endemic in over 100 countries, transmitted by mosquito bites. Current management relies on supportive care, as no highly effective vaccine or approved antiviral exists. The CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia\u00ae) vaccine, licensed since 2015 with around 60% efficacy, raises the risk of severe dengue in seronegative children. The newer \u201cQdenga\u201d vaccine offers up to 80% efficacy after a year but provides suboptimal protection against DENV-3 in seronegative individuals. Over the past two decades, virus-like particles (VLPs) have gained attention as safe, replication-incompetent vaccine platforms. This study evaluates the toxicity profile of dengue VLP-based antigens in BALB\/c mice. Methods: A total of 80 BALB\/C mice were randomly divided into two experimental groups: acute and chronic. Each group consisted of a treatment subgroup (10 males and 10 females) and a control subgroup (10 males and 10 females). In the acute group, the VLP was administered intramuscularly on day 1, while in the chronic group, a second VLP dose was given on day 14. The study was conducted over a 28-day period. Throughout the experiment, body temperature, body weight, mortality, and clinical signs were monitored regularly to assess the functional condition of various organs. Results: The results showed no notable alterations in mortality rates, body temperature, body weight, clinical signs, or histopathological observations of the examined organs across all groups, including in the hematological and blood biochemical parameters. Conclusions: The administration of tetravalent dengue VLP vaccine in BALB\/c mice did not result in adverse effects in acute or chronic toxicity evaluations. Therefore, the VLP supports progression toward clinical evaluation, with dendritic cell activation providing additional rationale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13111142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T17:51:43Z","timestamp":1762451503000},"page":"1142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Targeting Dendritic Cells with Virus-like Particles: Toward Safer and More Immunogenic Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8564-7430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonny","family":"Jonny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Indonesia Army Cellcure Center, Gatot Soebroto Central Army Hospital, Jakarta 10410, Indonesia"},{"name":"Faculty of Military Medicine, Indonesia Defense University, Bogor 16810, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8106-0763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chairul A.","family":"Nidom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"},{"name":"Professor Nidom Foundation, Surabaya 60236, Indonesia"},{"name":"Global BiosainsTeknologi, Malang 65145, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terawan A.","family":"Putranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesia Army Cellcure Center, Gatot Soebroto Central Army Hospital, Jakarta 10410, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soetojo","family":"Wirjopranoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I Ketut","family":"Sudiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa D.","family":"Pratiwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"},{"name":"Professor Nidom Foundation, Surabaya 60236, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiza W.","family":"Mawaddah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia"},{"name":"Professor Nidom Foundation, Surabaya 60236, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Astria N.","family":"Nidom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Professor Nidom Foundation, Surabaya 60236, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1433-6026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reviany V.","family":"Nidom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Nidom Foundation, Surabaya 60236, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Setyarina","family":"Indrasari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Nidom Foundation, Surabaya 60236, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irma Y.","family":"Rosytania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor Nidom Foundation, Surabaya 60236, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Astrid D.","family":"Larasati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesia Army Cellcure Center, Gatot Soebroto Central Army Hospital, Jakarta 10410, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, June 10). 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