{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T23:47:39Z","timestamp":1780357659853,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk for anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, with HIV-positive MSM bearing the highest disease burden. Longitudinal data on anal HPV infection among HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM are limited. We assessed and compared the prevalence, incidence, and clearance of anal HPV infection among HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM in Xinjiang, China. Methods: Sexually active HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM aged 18 years and older have been enrolled in an ongoing observational cohort study of HPV since 1 September 2016, in Xinjiang, China. Participants were followed up on every 6 months with anal HPV testing and questionnaires regarding sexual behaviors. We compared HPV prevalence, incidence, and clearance between HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM. Prevalence ratios (PRs), incidence rate ratios (IRRs), and clearance rate ratios (CRRs) for HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM were calculated. Results: A total of 1425 MSM, including 131 HIV-positive and 1294 HIV-negative individuals, with a median age of 29 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 24 to 36), were included in our analysis. Compared with HIV-negative MSM, HIV-positive MSM demonstrated significantly higher prevalence across both individual and grouped HPV genotypes. Specifically, the prevalence of grouped HPV genotypes (any, high-risk, low-risk, 9v, 4v, HPV16\/18, and HPV 6\/11) was consistently elevated in HIV-positive individuals. PRs for individual HPV types 31, 45, 34, 44, 53, and 81 were 2.47 (95% CI: 1.16\u20135.25), 2.47 (1.10\u20135.54), 4.94 (1.25\u201319.52), 3.29 (1.08\u201310.06), 2.02 (1.01\u20134.04), and 2.66 (1.18\u20136.01), respectively. Furthermore, the incidence of most individual HPV genotypes were higher, while the clearance rates were lower among HIV-positive MSM. Specifically, IRRs for HPV types 31, 33, 45, 55, and 66 were 2.12 (1.19\u20133.75), 2.19 (1.24\u20133.90), 2.32 (1.17\u20134.59), 3.02 (1.15\u20137.93), and 2.44 (1.18\u20135.05), respectively. CRRs for HPV types 51 and 58 were 0.33 (0.21\u20130.52) and 0.60 (0.45\u20130.79), respectively. Conclusions: HPV prevalence, incidence, and clearance of anal HPV exhibited heterogeneity between HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM. HPV vaccination and condom promotion programs should be recommended for HIV-positive MSM to mitigate the burden of HPV infection in this vulnerable population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13111144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T08:57:55Z","timestamp":1762765075000},"page":"1144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Heterogeneity in Prevalence, Incidence, and Clearance of Anal Human Papillomavirus Among HIV-Negative and HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men in China: An Observational Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tian","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 835000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3481-6310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 835000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leiwen","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 835000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zewen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 835000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 835000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8161-7576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huachun","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China"},{"name":"Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianghong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 835000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Environment and Health Research in Xinjiang, Urumqi 835000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Biological Agents, and IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2012). 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