{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T11:44:54Z","timestamp":1763552694171,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"J.K.Y. Miscellaneous Donors Account"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The minimized pan-coronavirus (CoV) vaccine-1 developed by our laboratory contained pDNA sequences of feline coronavirus serotype-1 (FCoV1) and SARS-CoV2 (SCoV2) spike B-cell epitopes plus FCoV\/SCoV2-conserved, CoV-specific polymerase cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes formulated in lipid nanoparticle (LNP). Only FCoV2 infects feline cell lines needed for developing native challenge inoculum that causes feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Hence, Pilot Study 1 evaluated the therapeutic efficacy and safety of the pan-CoV vaccine-1 in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats, with or without FCoV1 coinfection. Pilot Study 2 evaluated the cross-protective effect of pan-CoV vaccines in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) cats against intranasal challenge with FIP virus serotype 2 (FIPV2). Methods: In Study 1, we vaccinated two FIV-infected cats (one negative and another positive for FCoV1 coinfection) intramuscularly twice with CTL epitopes-LNP vaccine and later twice with pan-CoV vaccine-1. Controls included two unvaccinated FIV-infected cats with or without FCoV1 coinfection. Study 2 assessed the sequential vaccinations of three pan-CoV vaccines in four SPF cats. The first two vaccinations were with pan-CoV vaccine-2, followed by pan-CoV vaccine-3 (twice), and lastly with pan-CoV vaccine-1 (once). Three SPF controls included two cats immunized with LNP and one lacking any immunization. Pan-CoV vaccine-2 contained pDNAs with modified FCoV1\/SCoV2 B-cell epitopes plus CTL epitopes in LNP. Pan-CoV vaccine-3 contained only pDNAs with FCoV1 B-cell epitopes plus CTL epitopes in LNP. Results: Study 1 demonstrated no adverse effect with 25 \u03bcg and 50 \u03bcg CTL epitopes-LNP vaccine and 50 \u03bcg pan-CoV vaccine-1. However, 100 \u03bcg pan-CoV vaccine-1 caused fever 24 h later, which was resolved by a single Meloxicam treatment. Both vaccinees developed cross-FCoV2 neutralizing antibodies (XNAbs), immunoblot binding antibodies (bAbs) to FCoV1 receptor-binding domain (RBD), and T-cell responses to FCoV1 RBD, whereas one vaccinee also developed bAbs to SCoV2 RBD. Study 2 demonstrated no adverse effects after each vaccination. Three vaccinees developed low-titer XNAbs and bAbs to FCoV2 spike-2 by the fourth vaccination. Upon challenge, all cats developed FCoV2 NAbs and bAbs to FCoV2 nucleocapsid and RBD. High vaccine-induced T-cell responses to FCoV1 RBD and T-cell mitogen responses declined with an increase in responses to FCoV2 RBD at three weeks post-challenge. Two of the three controls died from FIP, whereas one vaccinee, with the lowest vaccine-induced immunity, died from skin vasculitis lesions and detection of FIPV2 infection by semi-nested RT-snPCR in feces. Conclusions: In Pilot Study 1, the pan-CoV vaccine-LNP dose of 50 \u03bcg had no adverse effects, but adverse effects were observed at 100 \u03bcg dose. In Pilot Study 2, the FCoV1-based B-cell vaccine(s) induced low levels of XNAbs against FIPV2 and delayed challenge infection against high-dose FIPV2. The high-dose FIPV2 infections in the vaccinated and control cats started to clear, by single housing at 23\u201326 weeks post-challenge, whereas two cats in Pilot Study 1 cleared natural FCoV1 transmission by 26 weeks post-infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13111172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T16:49:51Z","timestamp":1763484591000},"page":"1172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pilot Studies Testing Novel Minimized Pan-Coronavirus (CoV) Vaccines in Feline Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Cats With or Without Feline CoV Serotype-1 (FCoV1) Coinfection and in Specific-Pathogen-Free Cats Against Pathogenic FCoV2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4703-158X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pranaw","family":"Sinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (CDPM), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Laboratories of Comparative Immunology & Virology of Companion Animals, CDPM, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco B.","family":"Prevedello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (CDPM), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Laboratories of Comparative Immunology & Virology of Companion Animals, CDPM, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ananta P.","family":"Arukha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of Comparative Immunology & Virology of Companion Animals, CDPM, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4150-6393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (CDPM), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Laboratories of Comparative Immunology & Virology of Companion Animals, CDPM, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen F.","family":"Keisling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (CDPM), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Laboratories of Comparative Immunology & Virology of Companion Animals, CDPM, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taylor G.","family":"Nycum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (CDPM), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Laboratories of Comparative Immunology & Virology of Companion Animals, CDPM, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina M.","family":"Beam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (CDPM), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Laboratories of Comparative Immunology & Virology of Companion Animals, CDPM, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elise D.","family":"Barras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Care Services, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0905-733X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bikash","family":"Sahay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratories of Comparative Immunology & Virology of Companion Animals, CDPM, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet K.","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine (CDPM), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"},{"name":"Laboratories of Comparative Immunology & Virology of Companion Animals, CDPM, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300378","article-title":"Infection dynamics, pathogenesis, and immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in naturally susceptible animal species","volume":"211","author":"Nooruzzaman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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