{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T13:33:51Z","timestamp":1764596031367,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#NU2GGH002173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#NU2GGH002173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine hesitancy was high in Tanzania. Reasons for vaccine hesitancy included skepticism about vaccine safety and efficacy. Nonetheless, by March 2023, following concerted efforts, Tanzania reported reaching a national COVID-19 vaccination coverage of 52.5% among adults. We analyzed COVID-19 vaccination status and perceived vaccine safety among adults aged \u2265 18 years using data from the Tanzania HIV Impact Survey (THIS) 2022\u20132023. Methods: The THIS 2022\u20132023 was a nationally representative, cross-sectional household survey with a stratified two-stage cluster design. Descriptive analyses were conducted to determine the proportion of adults who self-reported receiving the COVID-19 vaccine andcompleting the primary vaccine series, and to assess vaccine safety perceptions. Analyses were weighted for non-response and accounted for complex survey design. Results: Of 32,777 adults, 20.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 18.9\u201321.1) reported receiving more than one COVID-19 vaccine dose. Of those, 82.9% (95% CI: 81.3\u201384.5) completed the primary vaccination series. The proportion of adults who reported vaccination increased with age from 12.5% among 18\u201324 year olds to 29.0% among those aged 55\u201364 years. Among adults living with HIV (ALHIV), 49.6% (95% CI: 47.1\u201352.1) were vaccinated, and vaccination rates increased with longer duration on antiretroviral therapy. Adults who perceived the vaccines as safe (27.9%, 95% CI: 26.4\u201329.3) were 10 times more likely to report being vaccinated than those who perceived the vaccines as \u201cnot at all safe\u201d (2.7%, 95% CI: 2.0\u20133.6). Conclusions: The COVID-19 vaccination coverage in Tanzania among adults \u2265 18 years as measured through the THIS 2022\u20132023 was less than half the national COVID-19 vaccine coverage reported in March 2023. ALHIV were more likely than the general population to be vaccinated. The substantial difference in vaccination rates between those who perceived the vaccines as safe versus unsafe highlights the importance of safety perception for vaccine uptake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13121185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T10:24:17Z","timestamp":1763979857000},"page":"1185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["COVID-19 Vaccination in Adults: Results from the Tanzania HIV Impact Survey 2022\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2359-8768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian Jeremia","family":"Damian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 9123 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephano G.","family":"Cosmas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Bureau of Statistics, P.O. Box 2683 Dodoma, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 9123 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magreth","family":"Kagashe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Commission for AIDS, P.O. Box 2904 Dodoma, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Haji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Chief Government Statistician, P.O. Box 2321 Zanzibar, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Rwehumbiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Bureau of Statistics, P.O. Box 2683 Dodoma, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fahima","family":"Issa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Chief Government Statistician, P.O. Box 2321 Zanzibar, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Khatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zanzibar AIDS Commission, P.O. Box 2820 Zanzibar, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilian","family":"Karugendo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Bureau of Statistics, P.O. Box 2683 Dodoma, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geofrey","family":"Mchau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 9123 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Sumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Commission for AIDS, P.O. Box 2904 Dodoma, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Laws","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329-4018, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4861-7870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Mayige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 9653 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Schaad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 9123 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerome","family":"Kamwela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Commission for AIDS, P.O. Box 2904 Dodoma, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faki","family":"Faki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zanzibar Integrated HIV, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, P.O. Box 1300 Zanzibar, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9308-1394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deogratias Morice","family":"Kakiziba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAP Tanzania, P.O. Box 80214 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5303-1156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nyambura","family":"Moremi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Public Health Laboratory, P.O. Box 9083 Dar es Salaam,  Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5827-3245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahesh","family":"Swaminathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 9123 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 9123 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prosper","family":"Pendo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National AIDS, STI, and Hepatitis Control Programme, P.O. Box 784 Dodoma, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101381","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination willingness in peri-urban Tanzanian communities: Towards contextualising and moving beyond the individual perspective","volume":"22","author":"Dewachter","year":"2023","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"unstructured":"Ministry of Health Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (2021). 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Vaccines, 11.","key":"ref_7","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020465"},{"unstructured":"United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (2021). National Deployment and Vaccination Plan (NDVP) for COVID-19 Vaccine.","key":"ref_8"},{"unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2023). CDC in Tanzania: Program Highlights, CDC Global Health Country Fact Sheet.","key":"ref_9"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mgongo, M.B., Manongi, R.N., Mboya, I.B., Ngocho, J.S., Amour, C., Mtei, M., Bilakwate, J.S., Nyaki, A.Y., George, J.M., and Leyaro, B.J. (2023). A Qualitative Study on Barriers to COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Community Members in Tanzania. Vaccines, 11.","key":"ref_10","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11081366"},{"unstructured":"Mathieu, E., Ritchie, H., Rod\u00e9s-Guirao, L., Appel, C., Gavrilov, D., Giattino, C., Hasell, J., Macdonald, B., Dattani, S., and Beltekian, D. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations. 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Am."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/12\/1185\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T13:20:07Z","timestamp":1764595207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/13\/12\/1185"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines13121185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines13121185","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-393X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]}}}