{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T09:19:37Z","timestamp":1764580777705,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2604200","2025YFC2609600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2604200","2025YFC2609600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can naturally infect a broad spectrum of animal species, with cats, minks, and ferrets being highly susceptible. There is a potential risk that infected animals could transmit viruses to humans. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve via mutation and genetic recombination, resulting in the continuous emergence of new variants that have triggered a wave of reinfection. Therefore, safe and effective corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines for animals are still being sought. Methods: We generated three recombinant Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVAs) expressing the prefusion-stabilized S proteins, S6P, DS6P, and BA2S6P, targeting the full-length S protein genes of the ancestral, Delta, and Omicron BA.2 strains of SARS-CoV-2. Subsequently, the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of these MVA-based oral COVID-19 vaccine candidates were assessed in mice, minks, and cats. Results: These recombinant MVAs are safe in mice, minks, and cats. Oral or intramuscular vaccination with rMVA-S6P induced a robust SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (NA) response and conferred complete protection against the SARS-CoV-2 challenge in mice. Meanwhile, oral or intramuscular administration of these recombinant MVAs in combination induced a potent and durable NA response against homotypic SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in mice, minks, and cats, respectively. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the MVA-vectored vaccines are promising oral COVID-19 vaccine candidates for animals, and that the combined vaccination approach is an effective administration strategy for such vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13121207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T08:13:49Z","timestamp":1764576829000},"page":"1207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oral Administration of MVA-Vectored Vaccines Induces Robust, Long-Lasting Neutralizing Antibody Responses and Provides Complete Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 in Mice, Minks, and Cats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5188-4859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linya","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunlei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Shuai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gongxun","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3112-0243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liyan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinying","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiye","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xijun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xijun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhigao","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"},{"name":"National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7015","article-title":"Susceptibility of Ferrets, Cats, Dogs, and Other Domesticated Animals to 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