{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:09:18Z","timestamp":1785510558809,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs","award":["NCTIP-XD\/B19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCTIP-XD\/B19"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Municipal Financial Fund Projects","award":["24535C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24535C"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii still poses a serious threat to public health in most countries and regions. Currently, the lack of effective vaccines necessitates the urgent development of a safe and effective vaccine. Methods: In this study, we combined the inactivated T. gondii vaccine with a colloidal manganese salt (Mn jelly [MnJ]) adjuvant. Results: This triggered a powerful innate immunity, significantly increased the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells secreting interferon \u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3) in mice, and enhanced the generation of CD8+ central memory T cells and CD8+ effector memory T cells. Compared to the control groups, mice in experimental groups produced more specific IgG, and produced high levels of IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-\u03b3. The survival rate of mice in experimental groups reached 50%, while all control group mice died within 9 days during T. gondii acute infection. Furthermore, the burden of brain cysts in experimental group mice was also significantly reduced by 90.77% compared to the control group during chronic infection. Conclusions: These results suggested that the incorporation of an MnJ adjuvant significantly enhances the immunoprotective efficacy of inactivated T. gondii vaccine, positioning this formulation as a promising candidate for development against toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13121230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T08:21:43Z","timestamp":1765182103000},"page":"1230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Colloidal Manganese Salt Improves the Efficacy of Toxoplasma gondii Inactivated Vaccine in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chebing","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5086-8375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoyuan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiqiong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3680-6156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaofeng","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhi","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1452-1299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2002.00485.x","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: Transmission, diagnosis and prevention","volume":"8","author":"Hill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. 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