{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T08:40:06Z","timestamp":1776501606755,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Capricor, Inc.","award":["NASDAQ: CAPR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NASDAQ: CAPR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exosome-based vaccines represent a transformative platform in modern vaccinology, combining nanoscale delivery, biocompatibility, and potent immunogenicity. Among these, the StealthX platform developed by Capricor, Inc. has demonstrated exceptional versatility, enabling antigen presentation at nanogram level doses without the need for adjuvants. Preclinical studies using StealthX have shown strong humoral and cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Delta and Omicron, as well as broader applications against influenza and RSV antigens. The platform\u2019s ability to accommodate multiple antigens within a single formulation addresses the challenges of viral variation and facilitates multivalent \u201cmix-and-match\u201d immunization strategies. This review offers an in-depth evaluation of the StealthX vaccine platform, covering the biological mechanisms underlying exosome function, the engineering approaches used to load antigens, and preclinical results demonstrated across three pivotal studies. By synthesizing current evidence, this review underscores the platform\u2019s applicability for emerging infectious diseases and explores the strategic value of multivalent exosome-based vaccines in global immunization efforts as an emerging next-generation vaccine technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13121239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T09:36:39Z","timestamp":1765791399000},"page":"1239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["StealthX: A Versatile and Potent Exosome-Based Vaccine Platform for the Next Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1756-6506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minghao","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Capricor, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristi","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capricor, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2798-3","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development","volume":"586","author":"Krammer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00479-7","article-title":"A guide to vaccinology: From basic principles to new developments","volume":"21","author":"Pollard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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