{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:07:35Z","timestamp":1789621655584,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The incidence of pneumococcal disease (PD) in people living with HIV (PLWH) is higher than in the general population; therefore, this study aimed to analyze its incidence, clinical characteristics and vaccination coverage in PLWH. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-center study between 2015 and 2024 in Hospital Cl\u00ednic, Barcelona, involving HIV patients who presented with PD during the study period (any patient with a microbiologically confirmed result). A descriptive analysis of cases was carried out and compared with patients who did not present PD during the study period. Results: A total of 177 episodes of PD were identified in 148 individuals, with a cumulative incidence of 1.7% (95% CI: 1.4\u20132.0). The median age at PD diagnosis was 45.9 (36\u201353) years; 64% of patients were Spanish-born; 50% of patients were men who have sex with men (MSM); the HIV transmission mode was intravenous drug use in 28% of cases; the median CD4 nadir was 181 (58\u2013324) cells\/mm3; the median CD4 prior to PD was 429 (240\u2013663) cells\/mm3; and the median peak HIV viral load (VL) was 176,839 (20,900\u2013502,000) copies\/mL. Intravenous drug use (OR 3.43; 95% CI 2.19\u20135.36; p &lt; 0.001), peak HIV VL (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.02\u20131.21; p = 0.011), and CD4 nadir (OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.87\u20130.98; p = 0.005) were independently associated with PD, and fifty-one percent of patients had not received any vaccination prior to their PD episode. Conclusion: PD incidence was high in our study and associated with poor immunological status. Research on new strategies to improve vaccination coverage and immunogenicity in PLWH is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13121240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T09:36:39Z","timestamp":1765791399000},"page":"1240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Incidence, Clinical Features and Vaccination Coverage of Pneumococcal Disease in People Living with HIV: A Retrospective Cohort Study (2015\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Pere","family":"Medina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Cl\u00ednic, 170 Villarroel St, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2614-6545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"de Lazzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques\r\n\t   August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 585 Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4822-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateu","family":"Espasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Hospital Cl\u00ednic, c\/Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"de la Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques\r\n\t   August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 585 Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2301-4101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Rebollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques\r\n\t   August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 585 Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0894-3711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Cord\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques\r\n\t   August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 585 Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7798-6352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montserrat","family":"Laguno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques\r\n\t   August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 585 Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexy","family":"Inciarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques\r\n\t   August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 585 Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Ambrosioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques\r\n\t   August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 585 Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6433-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falia","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques\r\n\t\t   August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 585 Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9253-3186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Foncillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques\r\n\t\t\t   August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 585 Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 08007 Barcelona, 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Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4198-829X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leire","family":"Berrocal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t   August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 585 Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 585 Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 585 Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Reial Acad\u00e8mia de Medicina de Catalunya (RAMC), 08001 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8057-7755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Mir\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 585 Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Reial Acad\u00e8mia de Medicina de Catalunya (RAMC), 08001 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep","family":"Mallolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednic Barcelona-Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t   August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 585 Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, 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