{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T05:21:16Z","timestamp":1766640076604,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Hepatitis B Control Research Fund","award":["YGFK20240094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YGFK20240094"]}]},{"name":"National Health Public Talent Program of the National Disease Control and Prevention Administration","award":["S2025CF02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2025CF02"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Provincial Preventive Medicine Association of Innovation Talent Cultivation Program for Health Management","award":["SWGKY276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWGKY276"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024AFB1046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AFB1046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of the 2030 Hepatitis Elimination Popular Science Education Program of the China Hepatitis Foundation","award":["2025016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025016"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2301600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2301600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To explore the problems with non-National Immunization Program vaccinations in Hubei Province and to provide the basis for follow-up vaccination and management. Methods: Vaccination data on non-NIP\/NIP vaccine doses were extracted from the Hubei Provincial Immunization Planning Information Management System. Descriptive epidemiological analyses were conducted to examine dose administration, vaccine-type composition, regional distribution, and substitution patterns. The trend \u03c72 test was used to assess temporal significance. Multistage regression analysis was performed using Joinpoint software. Results: From 2011 to 2024, a total of 91,009,259 doses (annual average: 6,500,661) with 35 types of non-NIP vaccines were administered in Hubei Province, China. The top five vaccines by doses administered were influenza vaccine, rabies vaccine, Hemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine, varicella attenuated live vaccine, and enterovirus 71 inactivated vaccine. Before 2024 (2011\u20132023), vaccine utilization showed a long-term upward trend: per 10,000, population usage rose from 657.07 (2011) to a peak of 2393.21 (2023) (Increase: 264.22%, \u03c72 = 138.62, p &lt; 0.05) (AAPC = 10.92%, p &lt; 0.05) and non-NIP\u2019s share of total vaccines increased from 25.52% (2011) to 65.95% (2023), (Increase: 154.33%, \u03c72 = 89.47, p &lt; 0.05) (AAPC = 8.74%, p &lt; 0.05). A notable reversal occurred in 2024. Non-NIP doses dropped from 13,971,544 (2023) to 10,238,861 (2024) with population usage falling from 2393.21 (2023) to 1755.03 (2024) (decrease: 26.66%) per 10,000, with the top three declines being in inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) (decrease: 49.53%), influenza vaccine (decrease: 44.21%), and oral rotavirus attenuated live vaccine (decrease: 43.50%). The total number of substitutive non-National Immunization Program (non-NIP) vaccine doses administered reached 16,618,755, with an overall substitution rate of 10.10%. This rate showed a steady upward trend from 5.57% in 2011 to 24.74% in 2023 (trend \u03c72 = 15.11, p &lt; 0.05), yet it increased to 28.03% in 2024. Conclusions: Non-NIP vaccines and NIP-substitute use grew steadily for over a decade, then contracted sharply in 2024. Decision-makers should investigate the sudden dip, differentiate discretionary from replacement demand, and reallocate funds to sustain equity and prevent further erosion of coverage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14010016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T10:57:18Z","timestamp":1766487438000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changed Trends in Utilization and Substitution Pattern of Non-National Immunization Program Vaccines in Central China, 2011\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"},{"name":"Da Ye City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huangshi 435100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23928-1","article-title":"Analysis of factors driving HPV vaccination coverage and associated cost savings in the united States","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2024.104465","article-title":"The need for novel influenza vaccines in low- and middle-income countries: A narrative review","volume":"29","author":"Spinardi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Braz. 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