{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:59:30Z","timestamp":1790629170082,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Thyroid eye disease (TED), or Graves\u2019 orbitopathy, is the most common extra-thyroidal manifestation of Graves\u2019 disease, but it has only rarely been reported after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Autoimmune thyroid disease, including subacute thyroiditis and Graves\u2019 disease, has been described following COVID-19 vaccination; we present a case series of TED occurring shortly after different COVID-19 vaccines to provide clinical data on this potential safety signal. Case presentation: We describe five women (mean age 47 years; range 27\u201369) who developed TED 3\u201320 days after COVID-19 vaccination with mRNA or adenoviral vector vaccines, three of whom had pre-existing thyroid disease. Presentations included ocular and retro-orbital pain, exophthalmos, headache, goiter, tremor, depressive symptoms, and, in one case, anterior neck pain and fever. TED severity (ETA\/EUGOGO) ranged from mild to severe, with frequent findings of suppressed TSH, elevated thyroid autoantibodies, and inflammatory markers, as well as imaging evidence of exophthalmos, extraocular muscle enlargement, and diffuse or multinodular goiter. Management with intravenous corticosteroids, selenium, levothyroxine adjustment, and\/or intramuscular corticosteroids led to improvement in thyroid function and inflammation by 3 months, although mild TED often persisted. Conclusions: This case series supports a temporal association between COVID-19 vaccination and new-onset or exacerbated TED in individuals with autoimmune thyroid disease. Although vaccination benefits outweigh potential risks, clinicians should remain alert to ocular and thyroid symptoms after immunization to ensure timely diagnosis and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14010037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T06:25:51Z","timestamp":1766989551000},"page":"37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Thyroid Eye Disease Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: Experience of a Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alin","family":"Abreu Lomba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Department, Cl\u00ednica Imbanaco Grupo Quir\u00f3nSalud, Cali 760042, Colombia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Libre, Cali 760043, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1337-5808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Elena","family":"Tello-Cajiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Libre, Cali 760043, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3202-5734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Department, Cl\u00ednica Imbanaco Grupo Quir\u00f3nSalud, Cali 760042, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5755-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision and Eye Health Research Group-VISOC, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760001, Colombia"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Cl\u00ednica Imbanaco Grupo Quir\u00f3nSalud, Cali 760042, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9138-8423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio Andr\u00e9s","family":"Salazar Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrician, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales 170001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7067-1584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Alexander","family":"Vernaza Trujillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Libre, Cali 760043, Colombia"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cali 760035, Colombia"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Cl\u00ednica Imbanaco, Cali 760042, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Gaibor-Pazmi\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Research Group, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170124, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1178-0546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan S.","family":"Izquierdo-Condoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Research Group, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170124, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1829414","article-title":"Vaccine safety-is the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine any different?","volume":"17","author":"Tau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. 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