{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:09:16Z","timestamp":1793423356650,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017638","name":"Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["123021300194-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["123021300194-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017638","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The current strategy for seasonal influenza prophylaxis relies on updating the vaccine components annually to account for the rapid antigenic drift of viruses and the low cross-protective efficacy of available vaccines. Mutant influenza viruses with truncated or deleted NS1 protein are known to stimulate cross-specific T-cell immune response and provide protection against heterosubtypic influenza A and B viruses. Methods: We generated NS1\u0394C influenza A and B viruses with C-terminal NS1 deletions by reverse genetics. In a mouse model, we assessed the safety and immunogenicity of the B\/Lee\/NS1\u0394C strain upon intranasal administration, as well as the mechanism of its cross-protective efficacy against sublethal B\/Victoria and B\/Yamagata challenges. We then investigated the potential of the intranasal Flu\/NS1\u0394C vaccine\u2013a trivalent formulation of NS1\u0394C A\/H1N1, A\/H3N2, and B influenza viruses\u2013to protect mice from lethal influenza infection with homologous, heterologous, and antigenically drifted influenza A and B viruses. Results: Intranasal immunization with the B\/Lee\/NS1\u0394C strain was safe in mice. It activated cross-specific T-cell responses in the lungs and protected animals against heterologous challenge by reducing viral load, inflammation, and lung pathology. Immunization with the trivalent Flu\/NS1\u0394C vaccine formulation improved survival and reduced weight loss and viral load upon challenge with A\/H1N1pdm, A\/H2N2, A\/H5N1, and B\/Victoria viruses. Conclusions: The trivalent intranasal Flu\/NS1\u0394C influenza vaccine is a promising tool to improve seasonal influenza protection and preparedness for an influenza pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14010043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:08:00Z","timestamp":1767197280000},"page":"43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Novel Intranasal Replication-Deficient NS1\u0394C Flu Vaccine Confers Protection from Divergent Influenza A and B Viruses in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9749-4222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Shamakova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7550-5519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina A.","family":"Shuklina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1050-5817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita","family":"Yolshin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7560-398X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Romanovskaya-Romanko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3685-7068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Polina","family":"Shurygina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4774-7294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kira","family":"Kudrya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arman","family":"Muzhikyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0411-9896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariia V.","family":"Sergeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2127-3820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Stukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00414","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00414-16","article-title":"Comparisons of the Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Induced by Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine and Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Adults","volume":"24","author":"Hoft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.02.059","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination and age as effect modifier: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of test-negative design studies","volume":"42","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.126381","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of influenza vaccine over a decade during the 2011\u20132021 seasons-Implications of vaccine mismatch","volume":"42","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8053","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43842-7","article-title":"Early mucosal events promote distinct mucosal and systemic antibody responses to live attenuated influenza vaccine","volume":"14","author":"Thwaites","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam6970","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aam6970","article-title":"Resident memory CD8+ T cells in the upper respiratory tract prevent pulmonary influenza virus infection","volume":"2","author":"Pizzolla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.01.023","article-title":"Change in the efficacy of influenza vaccination after repeated inoculation under antigenic mismatch: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Morimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6295","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02381-05","article-title":"Influenza virus evades innate and adaptive immunity via the NS1 protein","volume":"80","author":"Marukian","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shurygina, A.P., Shuklina, M., Ozhereleva, O., Romanovskaya-Romanko, E., Kovaleva, S., Egorov, A., Lioznov, D., and Stukova, M. (2025). Truncated NS1 Influenza A Virus Induces a Robust Antigen-Specific Tissue-Resident T-Cell Response and Promotes Inducible Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Formation in Mice. Vaccines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13010058"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11817","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00590-07","article-title":"Functional genomic and serological analysis of the protective immune response resulting from vaccination of macaques with an NS1-truncated influenza virus","volume":"81","author":"Baskin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02180-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02180-19","article-title":"Generation of DelNS1 Influenza Viruses: A Strategy for Optimizing Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.006122-0","article-title":"Influenza B mutant viruses with truncated NS1 proteins grow efficiently in Vero cells and are immunogenic in mice","volume":"90","author":"Wressnigg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10580","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01213-08","article-title":"Influenza B virus NS1-truncated mutants: Live-attenuated vaccine approach","volume":"82","author":"Hai","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.070525997","article-title":"Influenza A and B viruses expressing altered NS1 proteins: A vaccine approach","volume":"97","author":"Talon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2016.07.001","article-title":"A Second RNA-Binding Site in the NS1 Protein of Influenza B Virus","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6108","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.100133697","article-title":"A DNA transfection system for generation of influenza A virus from eight plasmids","volume":"97","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11411","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172393399","article-title":"Rescue of influenza B virus from eight plasmids","volume":"99","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12389","article-title":"Rapid spread of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses with a new set of specific mutations in the internal genes in the beginning of 2015\/2016 epidemic season in Moscow and Saint Petersburg (Russian Federation)","volume":"10","author":"Komissarov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Influ Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasilyev, K., Shurygina, A.-P., Sergeeva, M., Stukova, M., and Egorov, A. (2021). Intranasal Immunization with the Influenza A Virus Encoding Truncated NS1 Protein Protects Mice from Heterologous Challenge by Restraining the Inflammatory Response in the Lungs. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040690"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergeeva, M.V., Vasilev, K., Romanovskaya-Romanko, E., Yolshin, N., Pulkina, A., Shamakova, D., Shurygina, A.P., Muzhikyan, A., Lioznov, D., and Stukova, M. (2024). Mucosal Immunization with an Influenza Vector Carrying SARS-CoV-2 N Protein Protects Na\u00efve Mice and Prevents Disease Enhancement in Seropositive Th2-Prone Mice. Vaccines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13010015"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2707.210462","article-title":"Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR for Influenza A Virus, Influenza B Virus, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2","volume":"27","author":"Shu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"493","article-title":"A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints","volume":"27","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890110110","article-title":"Interference following dual inoculation with influenza A (H3N2) and (H1N1) viruses in ferrets and volunteers","volume":"11","author":"Potter","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(94)90006-X","article-title":"Interference between cold-adapted (ca) influenza A and B vaccine reassortants or between ca reassortants and wild-type strains in eggs and mice","volume":"12","author":"Romanova","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2025, November 27). Universal Influenza Vaccine Technology Landscape. Update Nov 25, 2025. The IVR Initiative. University of Minnesota. Electronic Resource. Available online: https:\/\/ivr.cidrap.umn.edu\/universal-influenza-vaccine-technology-landscape."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2020.02.003","article-title":"Tracking progress in universal influenza vaccine development","volume":"40","author":"Ostrowsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"48","article-title":"Enhancement of the Immunogenicity of Influenza A Virus by the Inhibition of Immunosuppressive Function of NS1 Protein","volume":"5","author":"Vasilyev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Indep. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10293","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01131-12","article-title":"NS1-truncated live attenuated virus vaccine provides robust protection to aged mice from viral challenge","volume":"86","author":"Pica","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1086\/649428","article-title":"A novel type of influenza vaccine: Safety and immunogenicity of replication-deficient influenza virus created by deletion of the interferon antagonist NS1","volume":"201","author":"Wacheck","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.10.061","article-title":"Phase I\/II trial of a replication-deficient trivalent influenza virus vaccine lacking NS1","volume":"31","author":"Groiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.05.013","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a replication-deficient H5N1 influenza virus vaccine lacking NS1","volume":"37","author":"Nicolodi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00131-X","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a live-attenuated influenza virus vector-based intranasal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in adults: Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and 2 trials","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00349-1","article-title":"COVID-19-PRO-003 Study Team. Safety and efficacy of the intranasal spray SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dNS1-RBD: A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01096-y","article-title":"A randomized phase I trial of intranasal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dNS1-RBD in children aged 3\u201317\u2009years","volume":"10","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2025, December 01). Randomized Open Label Phase 1 Clinical Trial of Tb\/Flu-01l Tuberculosis Vaccine Administered Intranasally or Sublingual in Bcg-Vaccinated Healthy Adults, Marina Stukova, Global Forum on Tb Vaccines, 20\u201323 February 2018, New Dehli, India. Electronic Recourse. Available online: https:\/\/tbvaccinesforum.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/5GF-Breakout-2-Stukova.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prokopenko, P., Matyushenko, V., Rak, A., Stepanova, E., Chistyakova, A., Goshina, A., Kudryavtsev, I., Rudenko, L., and Isakova-Sivak, I. (2023). Truncation of NS1 Protein Enhances T Cell-Mediated Cross-Protection of a Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Virus Expressing Wild-Type Nucleoprotein. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030501"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.10.098","article-title":"Vaccination with NS1-truncated H3N2 swine influenza virus primes T cells and confers cross-protection against an H1N1 heterosubtypic challenge in pigs","volume":"30","author":"Kappes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.4.1865-1872.2004","article-title":"The influenza B virus nonstructural NS1 protein is essential for efficient viral growth and antagonizes beta interferon induction","volume":"78","author":"Dauber","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6437","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.8.6437-6441.1998","article-title":"Transfectant influenza A viruses with long deletions in the NS1 protein grow efficiently in Vero cells","volume":"72","author":"Egorov","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00056-06","article-title":"Influenza virus NS vectors expressing the mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 protein induce CD4+ Th1 immune response and protect animals against tuberculosis challenge","volume":"13","author":"Sereinig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-092917-043525","article-title":"The Discovery of the Antiviral Resistance Gene Mx: A Story of Great Ideas, Great Failures, and Some Success","volume":"5","author":"Haller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85832","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.85832","article-title":"Vaccine-generated lung tissue-resident memory T cells provide heterosubtypic protection to influenza infection","volume":"1","author":"Zens","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39560-9","article-title":"Intranasal influenza-vectored COVID-19 vaccine restrains the SARS-CoV-2 inflammatory response in hamsters","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01780-8","article-title":"Interferon mediated prophylactic protection against respiratory viruses conferred by a prototype live attenuated influenza virus vaccine lacking non-structural protein 1","volume":"11","author":"Rathnasinghe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2025, December 01). Worldwide Influenza Centre: Annual and Interim Reports. Report Prepared for the WHO Annual Consultation on the Composition of Influenza Vaccine for the Southern Hemisphere 2022. 13\u201323 September 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.crick.ac.uk\/research\/platforms-and-facilities\/worldwide-influenza-centre\/annual-and-interim-reports."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pekarek, M.J., Madapong, A., Wiggins, J., and Weaver, E.A. (2025). Adenoviral-Vectored Multivalent Vaccine Provides Durable Protection Against Influenza B Viruses from Victoria-like and Yamagata-like Lineages. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041538"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0070525","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00705-25","article-title":"Breadth of antibody activity elicited by an influenza B hemagglutinin vaccine is influenced by pre-existing immune responses to influenza B viruses","volume":"99","author":"Carlock","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu269","article-title":"Comparing clinical characteristics between hospitalized adults with laboratory-confirmed influenza A and B virus infection","volume":"59","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20154643","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4643","article-title":"Hospitalization for Influenza A Versus B","volume":"138","author":"Tran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002610","article-title":"Comparative Severity of Influenza A and B Infections in Hospitalized Children","volume":"39","author":"Mattila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmicom.2025.105072","article-title":"Comparison between clinical outcomes in influenza A and B Infections: A multicenter retrospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Davido","year":"2025","journal-title":"CMI Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Xie, Q., Yu, P., Zhang, J., He, C., Huang, W., Wang, Y., and Zhao, C. (2025). Research Progress of Universal Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13080863"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105153","article-title":"A chimeric haemagglutinin-based universal influenza virus vaccine boosts human cellular immune responses directed towards the conserved haemagglutinin stalk domain and the viral nucleoprotein","volume":"104","author":"Bliss","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00952-7","article-title":"Sequential immunization with chimeric hemagglutinin \u0394NS1 attenuated influenza vaccines induces broad humoral and cellular immunity","volume":"9","author":"Rathnasinghe","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0035424","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00354-24","article-title":"Intranasal administration of octavalent next-generation influenza vaccine elicits protective immune responses against seasonal and pre-pandemic viruses","volume":"98","author":"Uno","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/14\/1\/43\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:23:08Z","timestamp":1767198188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/14\/1\/43"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines14010043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines14010043","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]}}}