{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:05:51Z","timestamp":1791331551527,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Assignment of SRC Vector Rospotrebnadzor","award":["25\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25\/21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Seasonal influenza remains a significant public health problem, and the constant antigenic drift of viruses requires regular vaccine updates. mRNA vaccines offer a promising platform for the development of new, effective influenza vaccines. Administration of the naked mRNA vaccine using a needle-free jet injection system further enhances its safety, reduces cost, and eliminates the need for lipid nanoparticles, which are traditionally used for mRNA delivery. Lyophilization of naked mRNA allows for long-term storage at +4 \u00b0C. Methods: We designed and produced an mRNA vaccine against seasonal influenza, designated mRNA-Vector-Flu, encoding the hemagglutinin (HA) of the A\/Wisconsin\/67\/2022(H1N1)pdm09, A\/Darwin\/9\/2021(H3N2), and B\/Austria\/1359417\/2021 strains. The vaccine was lyophilized and stored for 1 month in a refrigerator (+4 \u00b0C). A comparative immunogenicity study was conducted between synthesized immediately before use prepared and lyophilized naked mRNA-Vector-Flu. The preparations were administered to BALB\/c mice using a jet needleless injection twice, 3 weeks apart. Immunogenicity was assessed on day 35 of the study. Results: A comparative immunogenicity study of naked mRNA-Vector-Flu demonstrated that both the synthesized immediately before use prepared formulation and the lyophilized form, stored at +4 \u00b0C for a month, induced similar levels of virus-specific antibodies and generated a pronounced T-cell immune response. Conclusions: Delivery of the naked mRNA vaccine using a needle-free jet injection ensures a high-level immune response, which improves its safety, reduces its cost, and eliminates the need for lipid nanoparticles traditionally used for mRNA delivery. At the same time, lyophilization of the naked mRNA vaccine preserves its biological activity and ensures its storage for at least a month at +4 \u00b0C temperatures. Our results demonstrate that our proposed approach can be considered a promising direction for the development and improvement of the mRNA vaccine platform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14010056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T12:23:44Z","timestamp":1767356624000},"page":"56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Naked Lyophilized mRNA Vaccine Against Seasonal Influenza, Administered by Jet Injection, Provides a Robust Response in Immunized Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0664-3587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei V.","family":"Sharabrin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1538-5195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana I.","family":"Krasnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4889-6865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis N.","family":"Kisakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0768-1561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariya B.","family":"Borgoyakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4563-2099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir A.","family":"Yakovlev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5203-2130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena V.","family":"Tigeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1733-9524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina V.","family":"Starostina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6524-3222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria R.","family":"Litvinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7214-1855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyubov A.","family":"Kisakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0706-8119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danil I.","family":"Vahitov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2309-0137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina P.","family":"Makarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina A.","family":"Volosnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3191-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ksenia I.","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9181-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Bondar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1684-9071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadezhda B.","family":"Rudometova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo 630559, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2808-4309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey P.","family":"Rudometov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology \u201cVector\u201d, 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