{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T23:36:31Z","timestamp":1789688191367,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture","award":["2020-67017-33079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-67017-33079"]}]},{"name":"Lisa Conti One Health Initiative through the Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida-College of Veterinary Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a major foodborne pathogen, with poultry products, especially eggs, being the primary source of human infections. Current serovar-specific poultry vaccines effectively reduce targeted Salmonella serovars but may inadvertently promote the emergence of untargeted serovars within poultry flocks. Therefore, novel vaccine candidates providing broad cross-serovar protection are needed to improve overall effectiveness of Salmonella control programs. Objectives: This study evaluated the immunogenicity of the novel subunit vaccine candidate InvG and assessed its ability to reduce Salmonella colonization in vaccinated laying hens and their progeny through maternally derived antibodies transferred via egg yolk. Methodology: Three experiments were performed. Experiment I evaluated the immunogenicity of purified recombinant InvG by (a) measuring anti-InvG antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and (b) completing transcriptomic profiling of immune responses in vaccinated chickens. Vaccinated chickens were subsequently challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis to assess the efficacy of anti InvG antibodies in reducing intestinal colonization of Salmonella. Experiment II involved immunizing hens with InvG, to evaluate passive transfer of antibodies via egg yolk and the protective efficacy of maternally derived antibodies against Salmonella challenge. Passive transfer was assessed by measuring IgY antibodies in hen serum, egg yolk, and progeny serum, as well as secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies in progeny intestinal washings using ELISA. Protective efficacy was evaluated by orally challenging one-day-old chicks with three different Salmonella serovars. Experiment III assessed the persistence of anti-InvG antibodies in the serum of vaccinated hens and their transfer into eggs following two doses of InvG. Results: InvG vaccination induced robust IgY antibody responses in hens, with efficient maternal antibody transfer to progeny via egg yolk. A statistically significant reduction in Salmonella colonization was observed in both vaccinated hens and their progeny. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that InvG represents a promising subunit vaccine candidate for Salmonella control in poultry and warrants further investigation towards development as a broadly protective commercial poultry vaccine against Salmonella.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14010068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T09:34:12Z","timestamp":1767778452000},"page":"68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluating the Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Novel Vaccine Candidate Against Salmonella in Poultry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Roshen N.","family":"Neelawala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varsha","family":"Bommineni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6924-0198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaitanya","family":"Gottapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2599-7428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lekshmi K.","family":"Edison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishni K.","family":"Gunathilaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary D.","family":"Butcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"},{"name":"Bronson Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Kissimmee, FL 34741, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2887-7982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subhashinie","family":"Kariyawasam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.022","article-title":"Outbreaks of foodborne Salmonella enteritidis in the United States between 1990 and 2015: An analysis of epidemiological and spatial-temporal trends","volume":"105","author":"Sher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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