{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T06:58:51Z","timestamp":1768719531738,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005565","name":"Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005565","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/objectives: RSV is a major cause of mortality in infants, and despite recent progress to prevent RSV in the very young, an RSV vaccine for this population is still highly warranted. Clinical studies in infants in the 1960s using formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) led to life-threatening enhanced respiratory disease (ERD). Therefore, a thorough safety assessment of RSV vaccine candidates intended for RSV seronegative infants is crucial. Methods: Prior to clinical pediatric development of Ad26.RSV.preF, an adenovirus type 26 vector-encoding RSV F protein stabilized in its prefusion conformation, predisposition to ERD was extensively assessed in cotton rat and mouse models. Results: Cotton rats intramuscularly immunized with a wide dose range of Ad26.RSV.preF, including low and sub-protective vaccine doses, and challenged with vaccine homologous RSV A2 or heterologous RSV B Wash 18537, did not show signs of predisposition to ERD. Histopathology scores for alveolitis, peribronchiolitis, interstitial pneumonia, and perivasculitis after challenge were significantly lower for Ad26.RSV.preF-immunized cotton rats compared to FI-RSV-immunized cotton rats and comparable to or lower than scores in cotton rats intranasally pre-exposed to RSV prior to challenge to mimic natural repeated infection. These results were observed in animals with or without viral replication in the lung after RSV challenge, in the presence or absence of vaccine-induced antibodies. Similar results were observed in mice, where more extensive assessment of mono- and polymorphonuclear cell alveolitis, mucus cell hyperplasia, and mucus accumulation was performed. Conclusions: Based on these extensive analyses, we conclude that there are no indications of ERD predisposition after Ad26.RSV.preF vaccination in rodent models, irrespective of the vaccine dose, challenge virus strain, or presence of viral replication in the lung. These results are crucial for the pediatric development of this vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14010087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T12:31:41Z","timestamp":1768480301000},"page":"87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adenovector 26 Encoded RSV Prefusion F Protein (Ad26.RSV.preF) Does Not Predispose to Enhanced Respiratory Disease in Preclinical Rodent Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Renske","family":"Bolder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan B. S.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2822-6231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland C.","family":"Zahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"van der Fits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-017-0151-4","article-title":"The Burden and Long-term Respiratory Morbidity Associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Early Childhood","volume":"6","author":"Fauroux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. 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