{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T22:25:31Z","timestamp":1769120731520,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PJT-169150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-169150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021824","name":"Government of Saskatchewan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) causes severe disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals, with reinfections linked to poor induction of durable mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA). We investigated the role of IgA in immunity and protection induced by a RSV subunit vaccine candidate, tFrsc\/TriAdj, which consists of a truncated RSV fusion protein (tFrsc) with a tri-component adjuvant (TriAdj). Methods: Wild-type (IgA+\/+) and IgA-deficient (IgA\u2212\/\u2212) BALB\/c mice were immunized intranasally and subsequently challenged with RSV. Results: Vaccination with tFrsc\/TriAdj induced robust systemic and mucosal IgG, and high lung and serum neutralizing antibodies, in both IgA+\/+ and IgA\u2212\/\u2212 mice. As expected, IgA\u2212\/\u2212 mice lacked IgA and exhibited modest reductions in nasal IgG compared to IgA+\/+ mice following challenge, correlating to failure to clear RSV from the upper respiratory tract. In contrast, viral replication in the lungs was fully suppressed in both genotypes, indicating that IgG alone was sufficient for lower respiratory tract protection. Isotype analysis revealed diminished Th1-associated IgG2a and elevated IgG1 across mucosal and systemic compartments in IgA\u2212\/\u2212 mice, suggesting a Th2 bias. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed reduced recruitment of IFN-\u03b3+ CD4+ T cells in the lungs of immunized IgA\u2212\/\u2212 mice. Interestingly, IL-17 production and numbers of IL-17+ CD4+ T cells in the lungs were increased, suggesting an enhanced Th17 response. Furthermore, IgA-deficient mice displayed reduced splenic IgG+ B cell populations, which is also a novel observation. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings demonstrate that although tFrsc\/TriAdj confers lower airway protection in the absence of IgA, vaccine-induced IgA is critical for upper airway protection, Th1\/balanced immune responses, and optimal B cell responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14010097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T11:27:58Z","timestamp":1768908478000},"page":"97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Subunit Vaccine Candidate in IgA-Deficient Mice: Insights into the Role of IgA in Vaccine-Induced Immunity and Protection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8398-5670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Gonzalez Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5195-7441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Zhiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada"},{"name":"Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jourdan","family":"Witt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada"},{"name":"Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043951","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly and high-risk adults","volume":"352","author":"Falsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. 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