{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T05:47:35Z","timestamp":1769492855697,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology"},{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Russia","award":["125021902438-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["125021902438-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: While tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is genetically relatively conserved, the significant antigenic divergence between its main circulating subtypes hinders the development of broadly effective antiviral treatments and vaccines. Current inactivated TBEV vaccines offer limited cross-protection against heterologous strains, as evidenced by cases among vaccinated individuals in endemic regions. The aim of this study was to design a candidate mRNA vaccine and evaluate the breadth of protective immunity it elicits. Methods: Ten candidate mRNA-PrM\/E-LNP vaccines were comparatively evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy in BALB\/c mice. Immunogenicity was assessed by measuring antigen-specific IgG titers via ELISA and neutralizing antibody titers against a panel of TBEV strains using a virus-neutralization test. Protective efficiency was determined in a lethal challenge model, where immunized mice were challenged with one of seven distinct TBEV strains. Results: Vaccination with all tested mRNA-PrM\/E-LNP candidates conferred 100% survival in mice following a lethal challenge with each of the seven TBEV strains (100 LD50). The construct mRNA-PrM\/E\u2014Krasny Yar-8 demonstrated the highest immunogenicity, inducing antigen-specific antibodies with a geometric mean titer (GMT) of 1:6625, as well as the broadest virus-neutralizing activity against both homologous and heterologous TBEV strains in vitro. Conclusions: The mRNA platform represents a promising strategy for developing TBEV vaccines, demonstrating high immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy against diverse viral strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14010107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T09:16:59Z","timestamp":1769159819000},"page":"107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of an mRNA Vaccine for Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Selection of a Prototype Virus Strain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5823-6508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A.","family":"Nikiforova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9397-3762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir A.","family":"Gushchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics and Postgenomic Technologies, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9422-7238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis A.","family":"Kleymenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics and Postgenomic Technologies, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9863-9342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia M.","family":"Kocherzhenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2269-1469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeniia N.","family":"Bykonia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0701-5152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena P.","family":"Mazunina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6196-8262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia R.","family":"Kozlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6353-9917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonid I.","family":"Russu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7399-7628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadezhda A.","family":"Kuznetsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8199-6417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena V.","family":"Shidlovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5470-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizaveta V.","family":"Marchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5197-2465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeny V.","family":"Usachev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga V.","family":"Usacheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1289-3411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry V.","family":"Shcheblyakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6324-8746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina V.","family":"Kozlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7767-380X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei E.","family":"Tkachev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1107-9351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei A.","family":"Pochtovyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics and Postgenomic Technologies, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir I.","family":"Zlobin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis Y.","family":"Logunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander L.","family":"Gintsburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Evolution of Tick-Borne Encephalitis over an 80-Year Period: Main Manifestations, Probable Causes","volume":"19","author":"Kolyasnikova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol. 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