{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T18:07:12Z","timestamp":1769969232238,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science for Africa Foundation to the Developing Excellence in Leadership, Training and Science in Africa","award":["DEL-22-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEL-22-012"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5R01AI123422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AI123422"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Cholera remains a major public health threat in endemic settings, and oral cholera vaccine (Shanchol\u2122) campaigns are increasingly used amid constrained global supply. However, practical decisions on revaccination require clearer, setting-specific estimates of how rapidly vaccine-induced vibriocidal antibodies peak and wane. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort kinetics analysis in Lukanga Swamps (Central Province, Zambia), enrolling adults (18\u201365 years) stratified by prior Shanchol\u2122 exposure (0, 1, or 2 previous doses). All participants received two Shanchol\u2122 doses 14 days apart, with serum collected at baseline and days 14, 28, 60, and 90 (end of follow-up). Ogawa and Inaba vibriocidal titres were measured using a complement-based assay and analysed on the log10 scale. Serotype-specific mixed-effects models with natural cubic splines for time (knots: 14, 28, 60 days) assessed trajectories by prior-dose strata, adjusting for age, sex, and HIV status. Peak timing and post-peak half-life were derived from model-based predictions with participant-level bootstrap CIs (1000 replications). Results: The analysis included 225 participants: 68 (30.2%) with zero prior doses, 89 (39.6%) with one, and 68 (30.2%) with two; median age was 33 years (IQR 25\u201349), 56.4% were female, and 19.2% were HIV-positive. Modelled titres for both serotypes rose steeply after vaccination, peaking around day 36\u201337 across prior-dose strata. Ogawa titres reached half of peak by about day 73\u201378, corresponding to post-peak half-lives of 37\u201341 days; Inaba declined more slowly with half-lives of 42\u201346 days. Confidence intervals overlapped across prior-dose strata, indicating minimal differences by vaccination history. Conclusions: In this cholera-endemic adult population, Shanchol\u2122 induced vibriocidal responses that peaked at ~5 weeks and waned over the following 5\u20137 weeks, with broadly similar kinetics regardless of prior vaccination and slightly slower decay for Inaba than Ogawa. These parameters can inform booster timing in hotspot settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14020147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T17:38:34Z","timestamp":1769794714000},"page":"147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Statistical Modelling of Waning Immunity After Shanchol\u2122 Vaccination: A Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2826-3887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Bosomprah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Immunology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG13, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7257-9491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fraser","family":"Liswaniso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Immunology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Phiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Immunology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7609-9698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mwelwa","family":"Chibuye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Immunology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlie C.","family":"Luchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Immunology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Ng\u2019ombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Immunology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9539-4756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kennedy","family":"Chibesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Immunology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Next Generation Sequencing and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6338-4841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Ngosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Immunology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3163-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mutinta","family":"Muchimba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Immunology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda K.","family":"Debes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0221-9527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roma","family":"Chilengi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Immunology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute (ZNPHI), Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9338-5119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Sack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7850-7915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline C.","family":"Chisenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Sciences and Immunology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Parasites and Microbes Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.07.036","article-title":"Cholera surveillance and estimation of burden of cholera","volume":"38","author":"Ganesan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33050-7","article-title":"Mapping the burden of cholera in sub-Saharan Africa and implications for control: An analysis of data across geographical scales","volume":"391","author":"Lessler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng\u2019ombe, H., Simuyandi, M., Mwaba, J., Luchen, C.C., Alabi, P., Chilyabanyama, O.N., Mubanga, C., Hatyoka, L.M., Muchimba, M., and Bosomprah, S. 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