{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:47:53Z","timestamp":1787510873812,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can lead to malignancies of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx. The increasing incidence of HPV-related head and neck cancers has raised concerns regarding potential occupational exposure and transmission risks among healthcare workers. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the evidence on occupational HPV transmission in healthcare settings. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) from inception to August 2025, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A total of 34 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Expert opinions and practical recommendations from members of the European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO) Prevention Committee were included to support interpretation of the results. Results: The available literature on occupational HPV transmission was limited, with a paucity of high-quality studies. Nevertheless, existing data suggest a potential occupational risk, particularly during aerosol or smoke-generating procedures performed for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical cancer. Several studies reported the detection of HPV DNA in surgical smoke or on instruments used during such procedures, indicating possible exposure among healthcare workers. Conclusions: Although current evidence is insufficient to definitively classify HPV infection as an occupational disease, available data indicate a potential exposure risk for healthcare workers involved in HPV-related procedures. Preventive measures, like personal protective equipment, should be emphasized. HPV vaccination has been recommended by some professional societies for healthcare workers performing gynecological procedures, though further research is needed to evaluate vaccine efficacy beyond the standard age range and its cost-effectiveness in this context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14020148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T09:48:08Z","timestamp":1770025688000},"page":"148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["HPV Exposure in the Gynecological Practice: Time to Call It an Occupational Disease? A Systematic Review of the Literature and ESGO Experts\u2019 Opinion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4056-9037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan Volkan","family":"Ege","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Gynaecological Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara 06230, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4329-1376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilal Esat","family":"Temiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Gynaecological Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara 06230, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Grigore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mother and Child, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Ia\u015fi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cuza Vod\u0103 Hospital, 700038 Ia\u015fi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Burney Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction-Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London W12 ONN, UK"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction-Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London W12 ONN, UK"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5561-8949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belen","family":"Lopez-Cavanillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cervical Pathology and Lower Genital Tract Unit, Gynaecology Service, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1573-3114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Preti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9175-7767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Zapardiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecologic Oncology Unit, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmar","family":"Joura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4221-4459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"G\u00fcltekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Gynaecological Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara 06230, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kyrgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Digestion, Metabolism and Reproduction-Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London W12 ONN, UK"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.26687","article-title":"Epidemiology and incidence of HPV-related cancers of the head and neck","volume":"124","author":"Roman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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