{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:32:05Z","timestamp":1791844325279,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) caused by Neisseria meningitidis remains a major public health concern due to its severity, lethality, and long-term sequelae. To address the rise in serogroups W and Y in Spain, the Community of Madrid implemented a catch-up campaign in 2019\u20132021, targeting adolescents (ages 13\u201318) alongside routine tetravalent meningococcus vaccine (MenACWY) at age 12. This study evaluated MenACWY catch-up vaccination uptake in routine practice by describing vaccine coverage, temporal trends, and associated factors in adolescents born between 2001 and 2006. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Community of Madrid\u2019s vaccination registry (SISPAL Vacunas). Vaccination coverage was calculated for adolescents with at least one recorded MenACWY dose from age 10 onwards. Temporal trends were analyzed by birth cohort and calendar time, and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with vaccination uptake. Results: Among 424,059 adolescents, overall vaccination coverage by December 2021 was 63.8%, ranging from 54.4% to 78.2% across birth cohorts. Coverage was highest in the 2006 cohort, likely due to co-administration with the tetanus and diphtheria (Td) booster. A slightly higher uptake was observed among females and adolescents with chronic conditions, while foreign-born adolescents consistently showed lower coverage. COVID-19 disruptions led to temporal variability, with sharp declines during lockdowns and partial recoveries thereafter, with persistent sociodemographic differences in uptake. Conclusions: By December 2021, coverage was incomplete, with marked variability across birth cohorts. Higher uptake was observed when vaccination was integrated into routine visits, while persistent sociodemographic disparities remained evident. These observational findings are consistent with the programmatic value of combined catch-up and routine strategies and the need for targeted actions to ensure equitable MenACWY coverage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14020152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T09:02:01Z","timestamp":1770195721000},"page":"152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of the MenACWY Vaccination Catch-Up Campaign Among Adolescents in Madrid: Coverage, Trends, and Determinants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4137-7691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Estrella-Porter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Prevenci\u00f3n de la Enfermedad, Subdirecci\u00f3n General de Promoci\u00f3n, Prevenci\u00f3n y Educaci\u00f3n para la Salud, Direcci\u00f3n General de Salud P\u00fablica, Consejer\u00eda de Sanidad, 28002 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaya","family":"S\u00e1nchez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Prevenci\u00f3n de la Enfermedad, Subdirecci\u00f3n General de Promoci\u00f3n, Prevenci\u00f3n y Educaci\u00f3n para la Salud, Direcci\u00f3n General de Salud P\u00fablica, Consejer\u00eda de Sanidad, 28002 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"Lasheras Carbajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Prevenci\u00f3n de la Enfermedad, Subdirecci\u00f3n General de Promoci\u00f3n, Prevenci\u00f3n y Educaci\u00f3n para la Salud, Direcci\u00f3n General de Salud P\u00fablica, Consejer\u00eda de Sanidad, 28002 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4422-5538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Guillem S\u00e1iz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9294-4716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"S\u00e1iz-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5725-8972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Carreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO-Public Health), 46020 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Consortium of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER-ESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Estrategias din\u00e1micas de prevenci\u00f3n en la enfermedad meningoc\u00f3cica invasiva","volume":"4","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Integral."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"48","article-title":"La adolescencia y la enfermedad meningoc\u00f3cica: Situaci\u00f3n actual y nuevas vacunas","volume":"4","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adolescere"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Centro Nacional de Epidemiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and Red Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiol\u00f3gica (2015). Protocolos de la Red Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiol\u00f3gica. Protocolo de Vigilancia de la Enfermedad Meningoc\u00f3cica, Instituto de Salud Carlos III."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, March 27). About Meningococcal Disease, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/meningococcal\/about\/index.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmeningococcal%2Fabout%2Fcauses-transmission.html."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ministerio de Sanidad, and Servicios Sociales e Igualdad (2024, August 18). Recomendaciones de Vacunaci\u00f3n Frente a la Enfermedad Meningoc\u00f3cica Invasiva, Available online: https:\/\/www.sanidad.gob.es\/profesionales\/saludPublica\/prevPromocion\/vacunaciones\/docs\/Recomendaciones_Vacunacion_Meningococo.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e473","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30157-3","article-title":"Temporal associations between national outbreaks of meningococcal serogroup W and C disease in the Netherlands and England: An observational cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Knol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"52.e1","article-title":"Calendario de vacunaciones de la Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Pediatr\u00eda: Recomendaciones 2020","volume":"92","author":"Ortega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"56.e1","article-title":"Calendario de vacunaciones de la Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Pediatr\u00eda: Recomendaciones 2019","volume":"90","author":"Ortega","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Grupo de Trabajo Vacunaci\u00f3n en Poblaci\u00f3n Adulta y Grupos de Riesgo (GT-GR) (2022, June 20). Vacunaci\u00f3n en Poblaci\u00f3n Adulta. Ponencia de Programa y Registro de Vacunaciones. Recomendaciones de Utilizaci\u00f3n de Vacunas Td. Comisi\u00f3n de Salud P\u00fablica del Consejo Interterritorial del Sistema Nacional de Salud. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Available online: https:\/\/www.sanidad.gob.es\/profesionales\/saludPublica\/prevPromocion\/vacunaciones\/programasDeVacunacion\/docs\/Vacunacion_poblacion_adulta.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4321\/s2173-92772023000200001","article-title":"Enfermedad meningoc\u00f3cica invasiva. Temporada 2021\u20132022","volume":"31","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bol. Epidemiol\u00f3gico Sem."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Ministerio de Sanidad (2025, January 10). Coberturas de Vacunaci\u00f3n. Datos Estad\u00edsticos. Vacunas y Programa de Vacunaci\u00f3n, Available online: https:\/\/www.sanidad.gob.es\/areas\/promocionPrevencion\/vacunaciones\/coberturas\/home.htm."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7385.365","article-title":"Herd immunity from meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccination in England: Database analysis","volume":"326","author":"Ramsay","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.03.010","article-title":"Impact of meningococcal C conjugate vaccination four years after introduction of routine childhood immunization in Brazil","volume":"35","author":"Andrade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Salud P\u00fablica Consejer\u00eda de Sanidad (2022, July 25). Inclusi\u00f3n de la Vacuna Antimeningoc\u00f3cica Conjugada Tet-ravalente (MenACWY) en el Calendario Sistem\u00e1tico de Vacunaci\u00f3n. Available online: https:\/\/www.ampap.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Informacion-profesionales_MenACWY-MADRID-julio2019.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Salud P\u00fablica. Consejer\u00eda de Sanidad (2022, July 07). Inclusi\u00f3n de la Vacuna Antimeningoc\u00f3cica Conjugada Tetravalente (MenACWY) en el Calendario Sistem\u00e1tico de Vacunaci\u00f3n. Available online: https:\/\/www.comunidad.madrid\/sites\/default\/files\/doc\/sanidad\/prev\/informacion_para_profesionales_menacwy-enero_2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"e202007077","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de la vacunaci\u00f3n de rescate frente a meningococo ACWY en adolescentes de la Comunidad de Madrid","volume":"94","author":"Montalvo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Ministerio de Sanidad (2025, February 13). Vacuna Meningitis ACWY\u2013Campa\u00f1a de Vacunaci\u00f3n Contra Meningitis. Estrategia MenACWY en Adolescentes y J\u00f3venes, Available online: https:\/\/www.sanidad.gob.es\/areas\/promocionPrevencion\/vacunaciones\/programasDeVacunacion\/adolescentes-meningo\/home.htm."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2024, June 21). Orden 1201-2006, de 13 de Junio, del Consejero de Sanidad y Consumo, Por la Que se Aprueba la Creaci\u00f3n del Fichero \u00danico denominado \u2018Sistema de Informaci\u00f3n de Salud P\u00fablica y Alimentaci\u00f3n\u2019 (SISPAL), de Datos de Car\u00e1cter Personal en el Instituto de Salud P\u00fablica de la Comunidad de Madrid. vLex. Available online: https:\/\/vlex.es\/vid\/fichero-unico-denominado-sispal-datos-20817968."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Comunidad de Madrid (Bolet\u00edn Oficial de la Comunidad de Madrid, 2010). Resoluci\u00f3n de 17 de mayo de 2010, de la Viceconsejer\u00eda de Asistencia Sanitaria, por la que se establece el sistema de identificaci\u00f3n \u00fanico de usuarios del sistema sanitario p\u00fablico madrile\u00f1o y los criterios homog\u00e9neos de filiaci\u00f3n en los Centros de Atenci\u00f3n, Bolet\u00edn Oficial de la Comunidad de Madrid."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2019.10.008","article-title":"\u00cdndice de privaci\u00f3n en Espa\u00f1a por secci\u00f3n censal en 2011","volume":"35","author":"Duque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gac. Sanit."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Nieto Masot, A., Engelmo Moriche, A., C\u00e1rdenas Alonso, G., and Mora Aliseda, J. (2018). \u00cdndice de ruralidad para los municipios espa\u00f1oles (Censo del 2011). Nuevas Realidades Rurales en Tiempos de Crisis: Territorios, Actores, Procesos y Pol\u00edticas, Editorial Universidad de Granada."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2022, July 07). Meningococcal ACWY Immunisation Programme: Vaccine Coverage Estimates, Available online: https:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/ukgwa\/20220120225806mp_\/https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/meningococcal-acwy-immunisation-programme-vaccine-coverage-estimates."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Public Health England (2024, June 14). Meningococcal ACWY Immunisation Programme: Vaccine Coverage Estimates, Available online: https:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/ukgwa\/20220120225806\/https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/meningococcal-acwy-immunisation-programme-vaccine-coverage-estimates."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab791","article-title":"Vaccine Impact and Effectiveness of Meningococcal Serogroup ACWY Conjugate Vaccine Implementation in the Netherlands: A Nationwide Surveillance Study","volume":"74","author":"Ohm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302280","article-title":"Ethical Challenges in School-Based Immunization Programs for Adolescents: A Qualitative Study","volume":"105","author":"Skinner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251825","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2251825","article-title":"Real-world impact and effectiveness of MenACWY-TT","volume":"19","author":"Villena","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacun.2020.07.001","article-title":"Recuperando las coberturas vacunales perdidas en la pandemia de COVID-19","volume":"21","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vacunas"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juaneda, J., Estrella-Porter, P., Blanco-Calvo, C., Orrico-S\u00e1nchez, A., Lluch-Rodrigo, J.A., and Pastor-Villalba, E. (2024). Enhanced Timeliness and Co-Administration of Meningitis B Vaccination in Children: Impact of Funding in Valencian Community, Spain. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12060623"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"D\u00edaz Rodr\u00edguez, C. (2024, July 07). Impacto de la Pandemia Por COVID-19 en la Cobertura Vacunal en Ni\u00f1os: Revisi\u00f3n Narrativa. Available online: https:\/\/digibuo.uniovi.es\/dspace\/handle\/10651\/63185."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"35","article-title":"Enfermedad meningoc\u00f3cica. Temporadas 2018\u20132019, 2019\u20132020","volume":"29","author":"Soneira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bol. Epidemiol\u00f3gico Sem."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Centro Nacional de Epidemiolog\u00eda, ISCIII (2024, October 06). Bolet\u00edn Semanal en Red. N\u00famero 38. A\u00f1o 2024. Available online: https:\/\/cne.isciii.es\/documents\/d\/cne\/is_n-38-20240917_web-1."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.070","article-title":"World Meningitis Day and the World Health Organization\u2019s roadmap to defeat bacterial meningitis in the COVID-19 pandemic era","volume":"107","author":"Pinto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-12-00156.1","article-title":"Using Effect Size\u2014or Why the P Value Is Not Enough","volume":"4","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Grad. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmid, P., Rauber, D., Betsch, C., Lidolt, G., and Denker, M.L. (2017). Barriers of Influenza Vaccination Intention and Behavior\u2014A Systematic Review of Influenza Vaccine Hesitancy, 2005\u20132016. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170550"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hahesy, E., Cruz-Espinoza, L.M., Nyirenda, G., Tadesse, B.T., Kim, J.H., Marks, F., Rakotozandrindrainy, R., Wetzker, W., and Haselbeck, A. (2022). Madagascar\u2019s EPI vaccine programs: A systematic review uncovering the role of a child\u2019s sex and other barriers to vaccination. Front. Public Health, 10, Available online: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/public-health\/articles\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.995788\/full.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.995788"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1188","article-title":"Adolescent Primary Care Visit Patterns","volume":"8","author":"Nordin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2017.05.008","article-title":"Drivers for human papillomavirus vaccination in Valencia (Spain)","volume":"32","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gac. Sanit."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"3","article-title":"Factores asociados a la cobertura vacunal en los ni\u00f1os nacidos en 2010 y 2012 pertenecientes a la Zona B\u00e1sica de Salud de Co\u00edn","volume":"14","author":"Cobos","year":"2017","journal-title":"NURE Investig. Rev. Cient\u00edfica Enferm."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Lobera, J., Hornsey, M., and Catal\u00e1n, C.D. (2022, June 14). Percepci\u00f3n Social de la Ciencia y la Tecnolog\u00eda 2018 [Internet]. Available online: https:\/\/www.fecyt.es\/sites\/default\/files\/users\/user378\/percepcion_social_de_la_ciencia_y_la_tecnologia_2018_completo.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.12.002","article-title":"The Vaccination Kuznets Curve: Do vaccination rates rise and fall with income?","volume":"57","author":"Sakai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"485","article-title":"Adherencia a las inmunizaciones en ni\u00f1os con necesidades de cuidado m\u00e9dico especial","volume":"24","author":"Bolte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Infectol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (2024, October 06). CDC Vaccination Programs Guidelines for Immunization, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/hcp\/imz-best-practices\/vaccination-programs.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/hcp\/acip-recs\/general-recs\/programs.html."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Consejeria de Sanidad Comunidad de Madrid (2025, July 07). Informe de Resultados de Programas de Vacunaci\u00f3n Coberturas de Vacunaci\u00f3n. Comunidad de Madrid, A\u00f1o 2023, Available online: https:\/\/www.comunidad.madrid\/sites\/default\/files\/doc\/sanidad\/prev\/informe_coberturas_de_vacunacion_cm_2019_2023.pdf."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e033245","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033245","article-title":"Current tools available for investigating vaccine hesitancy: A scoping review protocol","volume":"9","author":"Oduwole","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"6","article-title":"Aspectos pr\u00e1cticos de la vacunaci\u00f3n en el adolescente","volume":"7","author":"Urbieta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adolescere"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, June 14). Derrotar a la Meningitis Para 2030: Una Hoja de Ruta Mundial. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/es\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240026407."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2015.03.001","article-title":"Vacunas antimeningoc\u00f3cicas. Situaci\u00f3n epidemiol\u00f3gica mundial y estrategias de prevenci\u00f3n mediante la vacunaci\u00f3n","volume":"33","year":"2015","journal-title":"Enfermedades Infecc. Microbiol. Cl\u00ednica"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/14\/2\/152\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T09:14:13Z","timestamp":1770196453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/14\/2\/152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines14020152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines14020152","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]}}}