{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:47:34Z","timestamp":1792608454969,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009032","name":"Pfizer Ltd.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory infections cause substantial morbidity and mortality in older adults and other at-risk adult populations. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, adult vaccination coverage remains suboptimal. This narrative review examines strategies designed to improve vaccine uptake among non-pregnant adults aged \u226518 years and inform future adult vaccination strategies. We conducted a targeted literature search using keywords for vaccination, respiratory diseases, strategy\/program\/implementation, and adults in PubMed database and CDC, WHO, and ECDC websites, between 2014 and 2024. A snowball search of literature reviews and key references was also performed to identify additional relevant studies. Eligible publications focused on vaccination strategies against influenza, COVID-19, and pneumococcal disease targeting non-pregnant adults (\u226518 years). We categorized the strategies by intervention type to describe their influence on vaccination campaigns and vaccine uptake\/coverage. We included 45 publications, encompassing strategies focused on individual decision-making, healthcare system functions, and national policy. Educational and awareness interventions (such as healthcare worker\/provider recommendations during consultation, phone calls, letters, text messages, and social media outreach) reportedly raised vaccination rates. Access-related factors, including convenient vaccination sites and free or subsidized vaccines, were reported to be important factors in improving coverage in underserved communities. Within healthcare settings, strategies such as continuous vaccine provider training and workflow\/process optimization were shown to enhance vaccination delivery. At the local or national policy levels, legislation governing program targets shaped immunization efforts and facilitated collaborations and partnerships to expand campaign reach. The findings may inform policymakers and public health\/immunization practitioners in designing context-specific immunization initiatives that effectively reach adult populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14020154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T13:56:23Z","timestamp":1770213383000},"page":"154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vaccination Strategies Against Respiratory Pathogens in the Adult Population: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Sarabia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"P95 Clinical and Epidemiology Services, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Medical Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY 10001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashmira","family":"Date","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Medical Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY 10001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4410-6718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estelle","family":"M\u00e9roc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P95 Clinical and Epidemiology Services, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4488-5157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Eeuwijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P95 Clinical and Epidemiology Services, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6216-7194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradford","family":"Gessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Medical Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY 10001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Bresee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partnership for International Vaccine Initiatives, The Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA 30030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Fry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Excellence, The Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA 30030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Begier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Vaccines, Pfizer, Inc., D24 NT20 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators (2020). 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