{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T06:02:35Z","timestamp":1771048955927,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Association pour la Recherche sur les Tumeurs C\u00e9r\u00e9brales"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011963","name":"European Academy of Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III co-financed by European Regional Development"},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund-FEDER \u201cA way to make Europe\u201d Red de Terapias Avanzadas TERAV","award":["RD21\/0017\/0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0017\/0009"]}]},{"name":"TERAV Plus","award":["RD24\/0014\/001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD24\/0014\/001"]}]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de C\u00e1ncer CIBERONC","award":["CB16\/12\/00489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB16\/12\/00489"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM) patients remains poor. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination has been investigated as an immunotherapy option, mainly in early-phase clinical studies. Herein, we report the feasibility, safety, and descriptive clinical and radiological outcomes of a retrospective series of newly diagnosed GBM patients treated with standard radio-chemotherapy and autologous DC vaccination as compassionate use. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical and radiological records of patients with newly diagnosed GBM who received autologous tumor lysate\u2013pulsed DC vaccination in addition to standard-of-care treatment at a tertiary academic center between 2009 and 2017. Clinical data, treatment characteristics, adverse events, survival outcomes, and radiological responses were collected and analyzed descriptively. Results: Twenty-four patients were included. All patients underwent surgical resection and were further treated with autologous tumor lysate\u2013DC vaccination and standard radio-chemotherapy. Histology of GBM was confirmed in all patients. The first vaccine was administered in 75% of patients after a median of 21 days (range: 6\u201330 days) following surgery and prior to radiotherapy initiation. DC vaccination was continued following radiotherapy at specific time points, with no observed significant adverse events. Median OS was 21.1 months (95% CI, 27.9\u201375.0 months), and median PFS was 10.3 months (95% CI, 15.6\u201326.6 months). Presence of O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation was associated with longer survival and higher 12-month PFS rates, consistent with its established prognostic value. Radiological responses were retrospectively assessed according to RANO and RANO 2.0 criteria. Conclusions: In this retrospective single-center series, autologous DC vaccination administered as compassionate use in combination with standard radio-chemotherapy was feasible and safe in routine clinical practice. Survival and radiological outcomes are reported descriptively and should be interpreted with caution given the absence of a control cohort. These findings support further prospective controlled studies to properly assess the clinical role of DC vaccination in newly diagnosed GBM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14020172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T15:28:11Z","timestamp":1770910091000},"page":"172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility and Safety of Autologous Dendritic Cell Vaccination Combined with Radio-Chemotherapy in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma: A Retrospective Single-Center Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"Esparragosa V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ascensi\u00f3n","family":"L\u00f3pez-D\u00edaz de Cerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Therapy Unit, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), C\/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Inoges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Therapy Unit, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), C\/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0382-2363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Aristu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Cancer Center, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9692-3808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reyes","family":"Garc\u00eda-Eulate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9063-401X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Calvo-Imirizaldu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8370-5510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Arbizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda E.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), C\/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Cancer Center, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7238-0036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Irimia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7520-7351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta M.","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), C\/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Cancer Center, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Solid Tumors Program, Advanced Therapies for Pediatric Solid Tumors Group, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6115-8790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Pr\u00f3sper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Therapy Unit, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Haematology and Haemotherapy, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"D\u00edez-Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, Avenida Avenida Reyes Cat\u00f3licos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2969-0116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"G\u00e1llego P\u00e9rez-Larraya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 36, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), C\/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Cancer Center, Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Solid Tumors Program, Advanced Therapies for Pediatric Solid Tumors Group, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, Avenida P\u00edo XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad149","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2016\u20142020","volume":"25","author":"Ostrom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330","article-title":"Radiotherapy plus Concomitant and Adjuvant Temozolomide for Glioblastoma","volume":"352","author":"Stupp","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. 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