{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T10:08:17Z","timestamp":1771841297472,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU funds","award":["101136676"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101136676"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: African swine fever is currently the most devastating viral disease affecting domestic and wild suids, causing major economic losses and severe impacts on natural populations. Oral immunization could become an important tool to control the panzootic and support wild pig conservation. However, this requires safe and effective vaccines, baits accepted by target species, and vaccine reservoirs that reliably release the vaccine during bait intake while maintaining vaccine integrity. Methods: We evaluated different bait types and vaccine containers in four wild Suiformes species, including Eurasian wild boar. In the same wild boar, we assessed oral vaccination with the live attenuated vaccine candidate \u201cASFV-G-\u0394I177L\u201d. Environmental monitoring approaches were applied to detect potential virus shedding, and vaccine immunogenicity and dissemination were evaluated. Vaccine stability was tested in vitro in two container types under different temperature conditions. Results: Bait uptake and container performance varied between manufacturers and among species. Environmental samples were largely negative for vaccine virus genome under controlled laboratory conditions, with only a few positive cotton ropes (0.43% of all samples). After oral bait vaccination, 45% (9\/20) of wild boar seroconverted, with a higher proportion in animals receiving the vaccine in the slightly less attractive bait (gelatine-based). Vaccine virus dissemination was limited to a small number of organs, including gastrohepatic and mandibular lymph nodes. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that wild pigs can be vaccinated orally with \u201cASFV-G-\u0394I177L\u201d while virus shedding appears minimal. Although the tested baits show potential for multiple target species, baits and containers require optimization. Environmental monitoring methods also need refinement for field application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14020193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T08:58:21Z","timestamp":1771837101000},"page":"193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oral Bait Immunization of Eurasian Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Against African Swine Fever with \u201cASFV-G-\u0394I177L\u201d: Bait Performance, Immunogenicity, and Environmental Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2213-6130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Beckmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuremberg Zoo, 90480 Nuremberg, Germany"},{"name":"IUCN SSC Wild Pig Specialist Group, 50735 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Tapir and Suiform Taxon Advisory Group of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, 1018 DC Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5465-5609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Blome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IUCN SSC Wild Pig Specialist Group, 50735 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Friedrich Loeffler Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Bujan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Manufacturing and Research, 17813 L\u2019Hostalnou de Bianya (Olot), Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Gort\u00e1zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos (IREC, CSIC & UCLM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Holzum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich Loeffler Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Ortmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceva Tiergesundheit GmbH, 14469 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7443-8667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Relimpio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos (IREC, CSIC & UCLM), 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4258-0651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich Loeffler Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisenda","family":"Viaplana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Manufacturing and Research, 17813 L\u2019Hostalnou de Bianya (Olot), Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ad","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceva Tiergesundheit GmbH, 33500 Libourne, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5044-6508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Friedrichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IUCN SSC Wild Pig Specialist Group, 50735 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Friedrich Loeffler Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2026, February 16). 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