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Vaccines not only extend life expectancy but also influence long-term health trajectories, particularly during the critical first 1000 days of life, where they prevent severe infections, disability, and mortality. They contribute to cancer prevention through vaccination against human papillomavirus and hepatitis B, reduce cardiovascular events and complications in individuals with chronic diseases, and protect against late-life functional decline. Furthermore, vaccines exert lasting effects on healthy aging by modulating inflammation and preserving independence, while proposed vaccination schemes illustrate the need for a comprehensive, life-course approach. Together with Part 1, which focused on immunosenescence and immune modulation, this closing installment underscores vaccination as a cornerstone of sustainable health policy, reinforcing its pivotal role in extending both lifespan and healthspan for future generations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14030204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T09:31:32Z","timestamp":1772098292000},"page":"204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Vaccines Across the Lifespan: A New Perspective in Public Health\u2014Conclusions of an Expert Panel\u2014Part 2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Debbag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Latin-American Vaccinology Society, Buenos Aires C1425AWK, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1979-0431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda L.","family":"\u00c1vila-Ag\u00fcero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Nacional de Ni\u00f1os, San Jose 111221, Costa Rica"},{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Brea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latin-American Vaccinology Society, Buenos Aires C1425AWK, Argentina"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo 10602, Dominican Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4054-5588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Espinal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8489-4221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Romero-Feregrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n Mexicana de Vacunolog\u00eda, Instituto Para el Desarrollo Integral de la Salud (IDISA), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), CONCAMIN, Saint Luke School of Medicine, Academia Mexicana de Pediatria, Av. Cuauht\u00e9moc 271, Interior 101, Colonia Roma, Cuauht\u00e9moc, Mexico City ZC 06700, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaime R.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Section, Tropical Medicine Institute, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1050, Venezuela"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hebe","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Vacunas de la Fundaci\u00f3n Centro de Estudios Infectol\u00f3gicos (FUNCEI), Buenos Aires C1425AWK, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robinson","family":"Cuadros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n Internacional de Gerontolog\u00eda y Geriatr\u00eda, Comit\u00e9 Latinoamericano y del Caribe, Carrera 7C Bis 139-17, Bogot\u00e1 110121, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0554-9875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Lazo-P\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, San Jose 2060, Costa Rica"},{"name":"Servicio de Inmunolog\u00eda y Reumatolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica, Hospital Cl\u00ednica B\u00edblica, San Jose 10104, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8339-779X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Schilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science and Innovation in Medicine (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina, Cl\u00ednica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0099-1428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Bonveh\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Educaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica e Investigaciones Cl\u00ednicas \u201cNorberto Quirno\u201d (CEMIC), Buenos Aires 1430, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maisa","family":"Kairalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04021-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9773-2192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso J.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 15067, Peru"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Aut\u00f3noma de las Am\u00e9ricas-Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Visi\u00f3n de las Am\u00e9ricas, Pereira 660003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boccalini, S. 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