{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T13:39:49Z","timestamp":1774013989736,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21AI180267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21AI180267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) has emerged as a significant bacterial pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections. The most common clinical manifestations of Ab infection include ventilator-associated pneumonia and catheter-related bloodstream\/urinary infections. Given the extensive MDR phenotype of Ab, preventive vaccination strategies are crucial for protecting susceptible populations. Methods: We utilized immunoinformatics to identify candidate peptides containing both putative B- and T-cell epitopes from proteins associated with Ab pathogenesis. Subsequently, we designed novel Acinetobacter Multi-Epitope Vaccines (AMEVs), each comprising an Ab thioredoxin A (TrxA) leader protein, five to seven of the identified peptide antigens, and a C-terminal His(6x)-tag to facilitate protein purification. Results: Subcutaneous vaccination of C57BL\/6 mice with AMEV1 or AMEV2, formulated with TiterMax adjuvant, conferred 60% and 80% protection, respectively, against intraperitoneal Ab challenge. AMEV vaccination induced a robust antibody response to each corresponding whole protein and most of its component peptides. We then constructed an improved vaccine, AMEV5, which included the Ab TrxA protein and seven confirmed B-cell epitope peptides. Subcutaneous immunization of BALB\/c mice (n = 10 per group) with rAMEV5 emulsified in Adda03 adjuvant activated antigen-specific IL-5-secreting T cells and antibody-producing B cells. Evaluation of vaccine efficacy demonstrated that AMEV2- and AMEV5-immunized mice were protected from a lethal intraperitoneal Ab challenge, with survival rates of 70% and 90%, respectively. Conclusions: These study results provide insights into the application of reverse vaccinology to combat the rise of MDR Acinetobacter infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14030275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T10:49:58Z","timestamp":1774003798000},"page":"275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Generation and Evaluation of a Multi-Epitope Vaccine Against Acinetobacter baumannii, a Nosocomial Bacterial Pathogen"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8104-2414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas D.","family":"Prather","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4758-2224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jadelynn","family":"Aki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5837-721X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Jeffreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4815-5306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard P.","family":"Arulanandam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1091-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiung-Yu","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8901-3366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jieh-Juen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.R., Lee, J.H., Park, M., Park, K.S., Bae, I.K., Kim, Y.B., Cha, C.J., Jeong, B.C., and Lee, S.H. 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