{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T22:35:15Z","timestamp":1784068515730,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018688","name":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t              https:\/\/ror.org\/04jgeq066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6634-332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6634-332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b have spread globally since 2021, causing extensive outbreaks in avian populations and repeated spillovers into diverse mammalian hosts, including humans. These cross-species transmission events highlight ongoing pandemic risks and underscore the need for vaccine strategies that reflect viral evolution at the human\u2013animal interface. Despite the availability of licensed H5 vaccines and newly recommended World Health Organization (WHO) candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs), the extent to which these vaccines elicit cross-reactive antibody responses against contemporary clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, including mammalian spillover isolates of avian origin, remains incompletely characterized. Method: In this study, ferret antisera were generated using four WHO-recommended H5 CVVs, including a clade 1 strain (A\/Vietnam\/1194\/2004) and three clade 2.3.4.4b strains (A\/Astrakhan\/3212\/2020, A\/American wigeon\/South Carolina\/22-000345-001\/2021, and A\/Ezo red fox\/Hokkaido\/1\/2022), formulated with alum adjuvant to reflect licensed vaccine formulation used in national preparedness programs. Antibody responses and cross-reactive activity were evaluated using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays against homologous vaccine strains and a feline-origin clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 field isolate from Korea, A\/Feline\/Korea\/SNU-01\/2023. Results: Antisera induced by clade 2.3.4.4b CVVs showed cross-reactive antibody responses against homologous and heterologous clade 2.3.4.4b viruses and demonstrated measurable HI and MN responses against the feline-origin field isolate. In contrast, antisera raised against the clade 1 Vietnam CVV exhibited limited cross-reactivity against clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. Overall, clade 2.3.4.4b CVVs generally showed higher antibody responses than the clade 1 vaccine strain across multiple panels. Conclusions: These findings provide descriptive insights into antigenic differences between clade 1 and clade 2.3.4.4b viruses and support the antigenic relevance of clade 2.3.4.4b CVVs for contemporary H5N1 strains. This study highlights the importance of ongoing antigenic evaluation to inform vaccine strain selection within a One Health framework.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14040301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:45:53Z","timestamp":1774615553000},"page":"301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of Cross-Immunogenicity of Ferret Antisera Following Immunization with H5N1 Vaccine Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Seungyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vaccine Development Coordination, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Young","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vaccine Development Coordination, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seo Young","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vaccine Development Coordination, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Bee","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vaccine Development Coordination, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vaccine Development Coordination, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6073-0783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Suk","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University Medical School, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beom Kyu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University Medical School, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YooKyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vaccine Development Coordination, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In-Ohk","family":"Ouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vaccine Development Coordination, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.240508","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) clade 2.3. 4.4 b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024","volume":"30","author":"Burrough","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. 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