{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:54:54Z","timestamp":1792806894484,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH) Fogarty International Center Grant","award":["D43TW010543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW010543"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02xey9a22","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ghana COVID-19 National Trust Fund","award":["C19NTF\/DA\/NMIMR\/LAB.VAC.RES.PJ\/FS\/02\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C19NTF\/DA\/NMIMR\/LAB.VAC.RES.PJ\/FS\/02\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/objectives: SARS-CoV-2 antibodies wane after natural infections and vaccinations. COVID-19 booster vaccination enhances the durability and functionality of antibodies against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Data on booster-induced antibody durability in sub-Saharan Africa remain sparse. Comparative analysis of vaccine-induced responses between heterologous and homologous vaccination regimens remains limited. This study evaluated longitudinal RBD-specific IgG responses following homologous and heterologous COVID-19 booster vaccination in previously vaccinated adults. Methods: Adults with prior mRNA or adenoviral-vectored vaccination were boosted with either Pfizer (mRNA) or Janssen (adenoviral-vectored) vaccines. Plasma IgG binding to Wuhan, Delta, and Omicron RBDs was measured pre-booster and at 3, 6, and 9 months. A total of 181 participants were enrolled between November 2022 and October 2023. Results: More than 60% of participants had detectable pre-booster RBD- and N-antigen-specific IgG. Booster vaccination substantially increased Wuhan-specific RBD-IgG at three months, with limited boosting of Delta and Omicron responses. Antibody levels waned to pre-booster concentrations by month nine. Heterologous boosting with a viral-vectored prime followed by Pfizer mRNA significantly enhanced both peak RBD-IgG levels and durability. Conclusions: These longitudinal data provide rare real-world evidence on booster immunogenicity in African adults and demonstrate that heterologous regimens confer a short- to intermediate-term advantage in antibody magnitude compared to a homologous regimen. This benefit was most pronounced within the first six months post-boost. The findings support additional booster dosing to strengthen protection against emerging variants in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14040303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T08:22:36Z","timestamp":1774858956000},"page":"303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Longitudinal Antibody Dynamics Following SARS-CoV-2 Viral-Vectored and mRNA Booster Vaccination in Ghanaian Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3977-1449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederica D.","family":"Partey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana,  Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5540-4198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidaya","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast P.O. Box 24, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Osei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana,  Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail Naa Adjorkor","family":"Pobee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana,  Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris E.","family":"Atta-Poku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana,  Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvette A.","family":"Ansah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana,  Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary M. A. K.","family":"Owusu-Amponsah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana,  Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana Yaa A.","family":"Appiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana,  Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana Akua O.","family":"Koranteng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana,  Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Appiagyei-Mintah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana,  Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8792-2777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theophilus","family":"Brenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana,  Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Nartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana,  Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4114-5460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter K.","family":"Quashie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Africa Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael F.","family":"Ofori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana,  Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5483-9985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwadwo A.","family":"Kusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana,  Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2231778","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.31778","article-title":"Durability of Immune Response After COVID-19 Booster Vaccination and Association with COVID-19 Omicron Infection","volume":"5","author":"Gilboa","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. 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