{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:19:04Z","timestamp":1791472744194,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI153064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI153064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AI181968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI181968"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI152236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI152236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01AI153064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI153064"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["U19AI181968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI181968"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01 AI152236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI152236"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Pathogenic mammarenaviruses cause severe hemorrhagic and neurologic disease in humans. Machupo virus (MACV), a New World (NW) mammarenavirus, causes Bolivian hemorrhagic fever in humans, and there are no approved vaccines. Methods: Here, we describe and compare the immunogenicity of three vaccines expressing the MACV glycoprotein complex (GPC) in C57BL\/6 mice: a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) and two different lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated nucleoside-modified mRNA (mRNA-LNP) vaccines. The first mRNA-LNP vaccine, designated MACV mRNA, expresses the full-length MACV GPC. The second mRNA-LNP vaccine, called MACV VLP mRNA, encodes MACV GPC with appended sequences that induce the budding of virus-like particles (VLPs) with MACV GPC on the surface. This is the first description of any mRNA-LNP vaccine for MACV and the first comparison of mRNA and rVSVs as vaccine candidates for MACV. Results: We find that two doses of either MACV mRNA or MACV VLP mRNA are required for the induction of robust humoral and cellular immune responses including total MACV GPC IgG, neutralizing antibodies, cross-reactive antibodies that bind the related Jun\u00edn virus GPC, and MACV-specific T-cell responses. To further investigate vaccination strategies for MACV, we also evaluated a heterologous prime-boost regimen involving the MACV mRNA vaccine coupled with the rVSV-based MACV vaccine. We find that the highest levels of MACV GPC-specific IgG and neutralizing titers were achieved when heterologous mRNA and rVSV prime-boost regimens were employed. Conclusions: These results elucidate differences in the immune response to different vaccine platforms for MACV and can inform future vaccine development for NW arenaviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14040315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T16:34:08Z","timestamp":1774974848000},"page":"315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of Vaccine Platforms for Machupo Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8857-4583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Erickson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1544-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiromi","family":"Muramatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1541-5092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sachchidanand","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sowmya","family":"Sriram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Caroline","family":"Coirada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1008-6242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Pardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3918-5976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2025.102827","article-title":"Hemorrhagic fevers caused by South American Mammarenaviruses: A comprehensive review of epidemiological and environmental factors related to potential emergence","volume":"64","year":"2025","journal-title":"Travel Med. 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