{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:36:05Z","timestamp":1785404165995,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China during the 14th Five-Year Plan","award":["2023YFD1802504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1802504"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System","award":["CARS-36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-36"]}]},{"award":["CARS-36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-36"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p5eky76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a major infectious disease of cattle caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus genotypes 1 and 2 (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2). Current inactivated and live attenuated vaccines provide incomplete cross-genotype protection and may exhibit limitations related to durability of immunity or safety. This study evaluated whether co-expression of the BVDV envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 in a Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vector could support antigen expression and induce immune responses in a proof-of-concept model. Methods: Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viruses expressing BVDV-1 E1E2 or BVDV-2 E1E2 were generated by homologous recombination. Recombinant viruses were purified and characterized for antigen expression, genetic stability, and growth properties in vitro. Immunogenicity was evaluated in a BALB\/c mouse model by measuring E2-specific antibody responses, virus-neutralizing antibodies, and antigen-responsive cellular immune responses. Results: Both recombinant MVA constructs showed detectable E2 expression when E1 and E2 were co-expressed, and exhibited growth characteristics comparable to parental MVA with stable maintenance after serial passage. In contrast, recombinant MVA expressing E2 alone did not yield detectable E2 protein under the same experimental conditions. Immunization induced detectable humoral and cellular immune responses, including E2-specific IgG antibodies, virus-neutralizing antibodies, and increased frequencies of antigen-responsive CD8+ T cells with a tendency toward a Th1-biased profile. Conclusions: These findings indicate that co-expression of BVDV E1 and E2 in an MVA vector can support detectable antigen expression and induce measurable immune responses in a mouse proof-of-concept model. Further studies in cattle, including challenge experiments, will be required to determine the protective efficacy and practical applicability of this platform for BVDV vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14040337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T08:49:02Z","timestamp":1776070142000},"page":"337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Construction and Immunogenicity of Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) Viruses Expressing E1 and E2 Proteins of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yueyang","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenge","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyi","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengpeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baifen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxue","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(00)00082-8","article-title":"The effects of bovine viral diarrhoea virus on cattle reproduction in relation to disease control","volume":"60\u201361","author":"Fray","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. 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