{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T03:29:38Z","timestamp":1784950178510,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives:\u00a0Bordetella bronchiseptica is a Gram-negative bacterium that, either acting alone or in concert with other bacterial or viral pathogens, is a major cause of the canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) complex in dogs. Most currently available vaccines are given intranasally or orally and, whilst providing satisfactory reduction in disease severity, can be difficult to use especially in aggressive or anxious dogs. Whilst a small number of injectable B. bronchiseptica vaccines have been developed, little is known about their characteristics with regard to the age at first vaccination, the onset of immunity, duration of immunity, induction of antibody responses, concurrent use with the core vaccines used in most dogs, efficacy in the face of maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) or existing immunity and safety in pregnant animals. Here we describe the development of a safe and efficacious injectable B. bronchiseptica vaccine that utilises a novel process to purify fimbriae. Methods: The fimbrial antigen was formulated with a vitamin E-based oil-in-water adjuvant known to be safe in dogs (Nobivac\u00ae Respira Bb). To evaluate dose response, thirty-nine na\u00efve 5\u20136-week-old Beagle puppies were allocated to four groups and vaccinated subcutaneously with Nobivac\u00ae Respira Bb at 69 U, 25 U, and 7 U (with a booster at two weeks). All groups were challenged with B. bronchiseptica two weeks after the booster. To evaluate the onset of immunity at 5\u20136 weeks of age, twenty-one na\u00efve Beagle dogs were split into two groups: group 1 received Nobivac Respira Bb (88 U\/dose) plus Nobivac DHPPi and Nobivac L4; group 2 received DHPPi and L4 only. Both groups were challenged with B. bronchiseptica two weeks after the second vaccination. Safety in pregnancy was evaluated by vaccinating pregnant dams and monitoring whelping outcomes and puppy health. Protection in puppies with maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) was studied in 28 pups (11 MDA-negative and 17 MDA-positive from vaccinated and unvaccinated dams). Pups were vaccinated at 5\u20136 weeks; one group remained unvaccinated to monitor MDA kinetics. All puppies were challenged with B. bronchiseptica at 19 weeks, after MDAs became undetectable. Serology was monitored throughout; daily clinical observations and nasal swabs post-challenge assessed protection and bacterial shedding. Results: Nobivac Respira Bb (MSD Animal Health), was safe for use in 5\u20136-week-old puppies alongside other Nobivac core canine vaccines without vaccine interference. The vaccine has an onset of immunity of two weeks and significantly reduces both the clinical signs of B. bronchiseptica-induced disease and bacterial excretion into the environment. Furthermore, the vaccine is equally efficacious in puppies with maternally derived antibodies derived from vaccinated dams and can be used safely in pregnant bitches. Conclusions: This vaccine represents a convenient, safe and efficacious alternative to vaccines delivered via the oral or intranasal routes and is a positive addition to the range of vaccines targeted at reducing disease induced by B. bronchiseptica.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14040344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T10:29:08Z","timestamp":1776162548000},"page":"344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Novel Vitamin E Adjuvanted Injectable Bordetella bronchiseptica Vaccine Is Safe and Efficacious in Dogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Beth","family":"Bruton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD Animal Health, 5831 Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter A. W. M.","family":"Wouters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD Animal Health, 5831 Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Tarpey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD Animal Health, 5831 Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD Animal Health, 5831 Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2009.00451.x","article-title":"Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia in a kidney-pancreas transplant patient after exposure to recently vaccinated dogs: Case report","volume":"12","author":"Gisel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. 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