{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:08:16Z","timestamp":1785431296227,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["485777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["485777"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["485777"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["485777"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01gavpb45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval Research Center","award":["30641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30641"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Despite the effectiveness of current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the genetic variability of the viral target has led to the emergence of variants capable of evading vaccine-induced protection. To ensure broader and more durable protection, we investigated the efficacy of a novel vaccine strategy. Methods: This vaccine utilizes the highly conserved nucleocapsid (N) protein as its primary antigen, rather than the spike (S) protein. It incorporates the Papaya Mosaic Virus (PapMV) nanoparticle, a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7\/8 agonist with intrinsic adjuvant properties, as a vaccine platform. Results: The vaccine formulations, comprising PapMV nanoparticles and the N antigen covalently or non-covalently attached to the PpaMV nano, generated robust humoral (antibody) and cellular (T-cell) immune responses. Protective efficacy was evaluated in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice challenged with either the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain or the Omicron XBB.1.5 variant. In both cases, the vaccine significantly reduced inflammation and viral titers in the lungs of vaccinated animals. Conclusions: These results highlight the potential of this PapMV-N vaccine to induce broad protection against diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14040349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T10:30:23Z","timestamp":1776249023000},"page":"349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Engineering a Modular PapMV Nanoparticle Vaccine: Comparative Efficacy of a Covalent and a Non-Covalent N-Antigen Vaccine Against Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5788-0921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e9a-J.","family":"Blanchette","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Axe Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 2705 Boul Laurier, Qu\u00e9bec City, PQ G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maril\u00e8ne","family":"Bolduc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Axe Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 2705 Boul Laurier, Qu\u00e9bec City, PQ G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6481-9136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tekeleselassie","family":"Woldemariam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vacine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Yousefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill Life Sciences Complex, Bellini Building, 3649 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, PQ H3G 0B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henintsoa","family":"Rabezanahary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Axe Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 2705 Boul Laurier, Qu\u00e9bec City, PQ G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1229-8399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santa-M.","family":"Olivera-Ugarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Axe Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 2705 Boul Laurier, Qu\u00e9bec City, PQ G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Garneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Axe Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 2705 Boul Laurier, Qu\u00e9bec City, PQ G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"Angers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Axe Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 2705 Boul Laurier, Qu\u00e9bec City, PQ G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Int\u00e9grative et des Syst\u00e8mes, Pavillon Eug\u00e8ne-Marchand, Universit\u00e9 Laval, 1030 Avenue de la M\u00e9decine, Qu\u00e9bec City, PQ G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5010-4586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Flamand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Axe Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 2705 Boul Laurier, Qu\u00e9bec City, PQ G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1230-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Baz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Axe Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 2705 Boul Laurier, Qu\u00e9bec City, PQ G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill Life Sciences Complex, Bellini Building, 3649 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, PQ H3G 0B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8805-8068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darryl","family":"Falzarano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vacine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Lemay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National en \u00c9lectrochimie et en Technologies Environnementales Inc., 2263 Av. du Coll\u00e8ge Porte 7, Shawinigan, PQ G9N 6V8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9323-1638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Leclerc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Axe Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 2705 Boul Laurier, Qu\u00e9bec City, PQ G1V 4G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04385-3","article-title":"Omicron escapes the majority of existing 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