{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T05:09:24Z","timestamp":1778648964917,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022840","name":"Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022840","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Apart from the attributes such as cost, yields and consistency that define the feasibility of a manufacturing process, physicochemical and immunological quality traits equally signify the functionality of a biological product. The present study investigates one such promising Meningococcal B vaccine candidate, a chimeric fHbp-PorA protein in Escherichia coli. Methods: The chimeric fHbp\u2013PorA protein, expressed with an N-terminal tag of HIS-MBP-TEV was produced in a 10 L fermenter under two different media and induction strategies: chemically defined (CD) media with lactose induction and complex media (CM) with galactose-mediated autoinduction. Comparative analysis was carried out between the two approaches for cell growth, protein expression, and purification, and the final chimeric proteins were characterized to evaluate for their biochemical, structural, in vitro and in vivo immunochemical properties. Results: Growth in the CD media resulted in several-fold-higher biomass compared to that in CM media in a short cultivation time; however, more than a third of the expressed protein remained in an insoluble state. Meanwhile, almost all of the expressed protein with CM media was recovered in soluble form. Moreover, purification of the unprocessed tagged protein and recovery of chimeric protein (tag removed) resulted in 75% greater yield in CM media when compared to CD media. The final chimeric proteins obtained from each medium varied significantly in their physicochemical characteristics, including their epitope projection and CD spectra. The results of in vivo animal immunogenicity response also showed higher serum bactericidal activity associated with chimeric protein obtained from CM media compared to CD media. Conclusions: The outcomes demonstrate that complex media with galactose-induced expression not only show higher productivity but also exhibit superior quality attributes, qualifying their reliable use in the manufacturing process of this promising vaccine candidate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14050382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T14:28:23Z","timestamp":1777040903000},"page":"382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Media and Induction Strategy on Physicochemical Characteristics and Immunogenicity of Recombinant fHbp-PorA Chimeric Protein: A Promising Meningococcal B Vaccine Candidate Produced in Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7098-8375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annamraju","family":"Aswini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India"},{"name":"Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences (SSBS), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412115, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annamraju D.","family":"Sarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9723-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashish B.","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yogesh C.","family":"Padwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4132-953X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinay V.","family":"Gavade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sambhaji S.","family":"Pisal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6846-319X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selvan","family":"Ravindran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences (SSBS), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412115, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2017.1258308","article-title":"The Global Meningococcal Initiative: Global epidemiology, the impact of vaccines on meningococcal disease and the importance of herd protection","volume":"16","author":"Borrow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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