{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:17:35Z","timestamp":1778692655144,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011791","name":"Basic Research Program of Jiangsu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20241761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20241761"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Third Level Talents of the \u201c333 High Level Talents Training Project\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Lung cancer is the top cause of cancer-related mortality globally, and chemo-immunotherapy is a core therapeutic strategy for it. The novel bacterial composite vaccine (Neo-BCV) we developed previously can activate anti-tumor immunity. This study explored its synergistic anti-tumor effect with cisplatin (CDDP), along with the underlying immunomodulatory mechanisms and molecular regulatory networks. Methods: A murine Lewis lung cancer (LLC) model was established to evaluate the efficacy of the combination therapy. Flow cytometry and multiplex cytokine assay were used to detect immune cell subsets and functional molecules in the spleen, serum and tumor tissues. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to elucidate the molecular regulatory networks following the combination therapy in the tumor tissues. Body weight, blood indexes, serum biochemistry and H&amp;E staining were monitored to verify biosafety. Results: Neo-BCV combined with CDDP achieved an 87.77% tumor growth inhibition rate, showing the most significant anti-tumor effect. The combination promoted DC maturation, enhanced effector immune cell infiltration, reduced immunosuppressive cells, upregulated Th1-type cytokines and downregulated CD8+ T cell surface PD-1. RNA-seq confirmed enrichment of multiple immune effector pathways, supporting tumor immune microenvironment remodeling. The combination alleviated CDDP-induced weight loss, had no obvious adverse effects on physiological indicators, and exhibited good biosafety. Conclusions: Neo-BCV combined with CDDP achieves enhanced anti-tumor efficacy and favorable biosafety in murine lung cancer models by regulating immune cell subsets and activating immune-related molecular pathways, providing a solid preclinical basis for its clinical translation in lung cancer treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14050436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T16:26:37Z","timestamp":1778689597000},"page":"436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhanced Anti-Lung Cancer Efficacy of Neo-BCV Combined with Cisplatin: Immune Activation and Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Quexun","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianli","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kangrui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengyue","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruochen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kecheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Department, National Key Clinical Specialty (Oncology), Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Fuda Cancer Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Unit of Hematologic Malignancies Genomics and Translational Research of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2855-8780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peihua","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00798-3","article-title":"The global burden of lung cancer: Current status and future trends","volume":"20","author":"Leiter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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