{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:48:39Z","timestamp":1785408519994,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007015","name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y2jtd41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Lytic Solutions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Although prolonged inflammatory symptoms are an infrequent and problematic adverse effect of vaccination that can occur in some people, the transient activation of acute phase reactants (APRs) is expected with adjuvanted vaccines and helps to potentiate immune responses. Methods: This experiment examined the association between vaccine reactogenicity and immunogenicity in monkeys immunized with an adjuvanted recombinant protein including a receptor binding domain\u2013human IgG1-Fc fusion protein (RBD-Fc) sequenced from the ancestral Wuhan strain of SARS-CoV-2. The acute inflammatory reaction to immunization was assessed by determining the decline in serum iron levels at 24 h and the increase in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as the adherent neutrophil pool trafficked into circulation. Results: Robust primary and secondary antibody responses were elicited. Larger decreases in serum iron and higher NLRs were associated with a stronger inhibition of RBD binding with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) when five early viral variants of SARS-CoV-2 were tested, including Wuhan, Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. Inhibition of ACE2-RBD binding was less evident when the Omicron variant was tested. Individual variation in the APR was also predictive of the persistence of cell-mediated immunity based on the number of interferon-expressing mononuclear cells activated by viral antigen in ELISpot assays. Conclusions: Rapid antibody responses to primary immunization and large secondary responses to booster immunizations were elicited by this adjuvanted recombinant RBD-Fc vaccine, and our analysis affirmed the view that a transient APR can enhance antibody binding with antigen proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14060523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T06:53:10Z","timestamp":1781247190000},"page":"523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Larger Acute Phase Reactions Are Associated with Immunogenicity of an Adjuvanted Recombinant Receptor Binding Domain Protein Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 in Rhesus Monkeys"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9335-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Coe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele R.","family":"Lubach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Nimityongskul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2145-2474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly","family":"Luke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Intuitive Biosciences, Madison, WI 53717, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8197-5309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva G.","family":"Rakasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UW AIDS Vaccine Research Laboratory, Madison, WI 53711, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Rancour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lytic Solutions, LLC, Madison, WI 53713, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fritz M.","family":"Schomburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lytic Solutions, LLC, Madison, WI 53713, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00951-8","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine refusal is driven by deliberate ignorance and cognitive distortions","volume":"9","author":"Hertwig","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e646","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2024.103","article-title":"COVID-19 Pandemic and its impact on vaccine hesitancy: A Review","volume":"39","author":"Widyaningsih","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oman Med. 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