{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:28:39Z","timestamp":1785403719628,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R21NS132017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21NS132017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Wake Forest School of Medicine COVID-19 Research Project pilot"},{"name":"Wake Forest School of Medicine Translational Sciences Institute Ignition Funds"},{"name":"Defense Health Program Research, Development, Test and Evaluation supplemental COVID-19 funding"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health to Vaxine Pty, Ltd.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHS-N272201400053C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHS-N272201400053C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health to Vaxine Pty, Ltd.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHS-N272200800039C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHS-N272200800039C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health to Vaxine Pty, Ltd.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01-AI061142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-AI061142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["HHS-N272201400053C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHS-N272201400053C"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["HHS-N272200800039C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHS-N272200800039C"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["U01-AI061142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-AI061142"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, can lead to widespread neurological and cognitive complications, even in the absence of significant structural brain abnormalities. Understanding the evolving health concerns in the context of viral infections is critical to service member readiness, fitness, and mission completion. The potential neuroprotective effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination remain underexplored. Methods: Using a cross-sectional, non-human primate model (female cynomolgus macaques), we employed magnetoencephalography (MEG) to assess resting-state brain activity following vaccination with escalating doses of a novel psoralen-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (PsIV) or a combination of PsIV and a DNA vaccine (prime boost), and subsequent challenge with the Delta variant (SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2). MEG scans were acquired 41 days after inoculation. Source series were constructed for 42 regions of interest for each subject, and band power was computed. Results: Band power demonstrated substantial preservation of neural activity across multiple brain regions in vaccinated subjects compared to unvaccinated controls following viral challenge. Significantly lower power was observed across the brain at all bandwidths in the unvaccinated group relative to the prime boost group. As PsIV concentration increased, spectral power increased, with the prime boost group having the greatest power. Conclusions: This approach not only underscores the role of vaccination in mitigating neuropathology but also highlights the capability of MEG to detect subtle yet significant changes in brain function that may be overlooked by other imaging modalities. These findings advance our understanding of vaccine-induced neuroprotection and establish MEG as a powerful tool for monitoring brain function in the context of viral infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14060543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:09:17Z","timestamp":1782270557000},"page":"543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Magnetoencephalography Reveals Neuroprotection of COVID-19 Vaccination in Nonhuman Primates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5874-7500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Stapleton-Kotloski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"},{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9005-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"April","family":"Davenport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Epperly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Blevins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dwayne","family":"Godwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"},{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ewing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agile Vaccines and Therapeutics Department, Defense Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaodong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agile Vaccines and Therapeutics Department, Defense Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Appavu","family":"Sundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agile Vaccines and Therapeutics Department, Defense Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1580-5245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolai","family":"Petrovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxine Pty Ltd., Warradale, SA 5046, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1077-6833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4599-3021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Daunais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, October 01). 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