{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T20:33:39Z","timestamp":1793910819696,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Inequities in access to medicines persist for asylum seekers, refugees, and undocumented migrants in Europe. For vaccines, access gaps not only exist for these groups in childhood routine immunization, but also for life-course and catch-up vaccinations. As part of a broader project examining access to medicines and vaccines for migrants across all stages of the migration cycle, this scoping review synthesizes evidence on the determinants of access to vaccines. Methods: We conducted a scoping review across PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, and grey literature sources, covering the period 2000\u20132024. Sources were eligible if they addressed access to vaccines among migrants. We examined access to vaccines along the life course, and across phases of the migratory cycle, including departure, transit, reception and settlement, and return or deportation. Results: A total of 47 research studies and grey literature reports were included. Most studies focused on migrants in reception and settlement (destination) settings, with only twelve sources addressing other phases of the migratory cycle. Across European countries, migrants were frequently reported to have lower uptake of routine vaccines (e.g., measles\u2013mumps\u2013rubella (MMR), polio, diphtheria\u2013tetanus\u2013pertussis (DTP), and human papillomavirus (HPV)) and COVID-19 vaccines than host populations. The most frequently reported barriers were related to migrants\u2019 legal status, administrative requirements, and lack of documentation, alongside poor affordability of vaccination, limited awareness of their rights, and mistrust in the health system. Conclusions: Health systems need to adopt innovative approaches to expand vaccine access for migrant populations. Further, protecting confidentiality is essential for building trust and reducing ethical and legal risks. Flexible and coordinated vaccination strategies are required to address migrants\u2019 mobility across the different migration stages and settings. Our findings appeal for sustained improvements in access to vaccines among migrants in Europe, contingent on strong policy commitments to equity, data protection, and the adoption of life-course and catch-up vaccination strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14060551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:09:17Z","timestamp":1782270557000},"page":"551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Access to Vaccines Among Asylum Seekers, Refugees, and Undocumented Migrants Across the Migratory Cycle in the European Union, European Economic Area, Switzerland and the United Kingdom: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4035-4121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh","family":"Aljadeeah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4298-1305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil Babu","family":"Payedimarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, AOU Maggiore della Carit\u00e0 di Novara, University of Eastern Piedmont, 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Research Training Innovation Infrastructure, Research and Innovation Department (DAIRI), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria SS. Antonio E Biagio E Cesare Arrigo, Via Venezia, 16, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8003-7959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carine","family":"Dochez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5519-1658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Kielmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh EH21 6UU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika J.","family":"Wirtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Hargreaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, City St George\u2019s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7765-2443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaella","family":"Ravinetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of The Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2026, June 17). 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