{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T01:47:34Z","timestamp":1782438454717,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite significant improvement in long-term survival with the advent of immunotherapy, a substantial proportion of lung cancer patients develop primary and acquired resistance. Among emerging strategies to overcome this challenge, cancer vaccines represent a promising approach, especially for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A variety of vaccine platforms have been investigated, including nucleic acid-based vaccines, peptide vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, and viral vector-based approaches. To date, cancer vaccines have not demonstrated consistent survival benefit in large randomized trials, and their clinical application remains limited. Challenges include high production costs, complexity in manufacturing, and issues related to drug stability and scalability. However, several ongoing early-phase trials show promising signals for several platforms, as new tools and technology become available to optimize neoantigen selection, vaccine production, efficacy, and safety. In this review, we summarize the current evidence of vaccines in NSCLC treatment across different stages and therapeutic settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14070562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:49:23Z","timestamp":1782434963000},"page":"562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cancer Vaccine Strategies in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0627-9623","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Rogelio N.","family":"Velasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Department, Lung Center of the Philippines, Metro Manila 1101, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1957-1279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pragadeesh","family":"Thamaraiselvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai 600032, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2394-9895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo","family":"Garbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Novello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Passiglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. 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