{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:58:48Z","timestamp":1792511928617,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25-14-00226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-14-00226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["25-14-00226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-14-00226"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y2gwe85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza B virus (IBV) represents a significant global health threat, contributing 20\u201330% of annual influenza cases and causing substantial morbidity and mortality across all age groups. Current seasonal vaccines demonstrate variable effectiveness, highlighting the urgent need for next-generation approaches that provide enhanced and sustained protection against both IBV lineages. Moreover, continuous antigenic drift of circulating viruses progressively reduces the match between vaccine-induced antibodies and contemporary strains, necessitating broad-spectrum protection strategies. This review discusses influenza B virus control strategies, encompassing both conventional approaches and emerging vaccine technologies. While antiviral therapy, epidemiological surveillance, diagnostics, and non-pharmaceutical public-health measures are integral components of influenza B control, the present review focuses specifically on vaccine-based strategies. By critically appraising the available evidence, this review evaluates the extent to which these strategies may improve the effectiveness of IBV vaccines and, in the longer term, inform the prospect of reducing the burden of\u2014or potentially eliminating\u2014influenza B virus, a goal that remains hypothetical and requires clinical validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14070574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:55:11Z","timestamp":1782780911000},"page":"574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Influenza B Vaccines: Current Landscape and Novel Development Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4387-2592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman Y.","family":"Kotlyarov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1456-1832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolai V.","family":"Ravin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2148-7658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia S.","family":"Mardanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2026, May 19). Influenza (Seasonal). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/influenza-(seasonal)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12565","article-title":"The WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)\u2014A Future Perspective","volume":"12","author":"Hay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12570","article-title":"65 Years of Influenza Surveillance by a World Health Organization-Coordinated Global Network","volume":"12","author":"Ziegler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy191","article-title":"Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic","volume":"187","author":"Spreeuwenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv534","article-title":"Global Mortality Impact of the 1957\u20131959 Influenza Pandemic","volume":"213","author":"Viboud","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2026, May 19). 1968 Pandemic (H3N2 Virus), Available online: https:\/\/archive.cdc.gov\/#\/details?url=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/pandemic-resources\/1968-pandemic.html."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawood, F.S., and Bresee, J. (2018). Influenza Viruses. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-40181-4.00229-2"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0002-y","article-title":"Influenza","volume":"4","author":"Krammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00797-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00797-19","article-title":"Host Factors Impact Vaccine Efficacy: Implications for Seasonal and Universal Influenza Vaccine Programs","volume":"93","author":"Dhakal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.25458","article-title":"Intranasal Vaccination with an Inactivated Whole Influenza Virus Vaccine Induces Strong Antibody Responses in Serum and Nasal Mucus of Healthy Adults","volume":"9","author":"Ainai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cnossen, V.M., Moreira, P.C.L., Engelhardt, O.G., Samolej, J., Groeneveld, G.H., Jochems, S.P., Huisman, W., Pedersen, G.K., W\u00f8rzner, K., and Recek, L. (2025). Development of an Intranasal, Universal Influenza Vaccine in an EU-Funded Public-Private Partnership: The FLUniversal Consortium. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1568778"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caini, S., Kusznierz, G., Garate, V.V., Wangchuk, S., Thapa, B., de Paula J\u00fanior, F.J., Ferreira de Almeida, W.A., Njouom, R., Fasce, R.A., and Bustos, P. (2019). The Epidemiological Signature of Influenza B Virus and Its B\/Victoria and B\/Yamagata Lineages in the 21st Century. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222381"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-01058-w","article-title":"Development of Broadly Protective Influenza B Vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2410.180652","article-title":"Frequent Genetic Mismatch between Vaccine Strains and Circulating Seasonal Influenza Viruses, Hong Kong, China, 1996\u20132012","volume":"24","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, J.C., Siqueira, M.M., Brown, D., Lopes, J.O., Costa, B.C., Gama, E.L., and Aguiar-Oliveira, M.L. (2022). Vaccine Mismatches, Viral Circulation, and Clinical Severity Patterns of Influenza B Victoria and Yamagata Infections in Brazil over the Decade 2010\u20132020: A Statistical and Phylogeny\u2013Trait Analyses. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071477"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu664","article-title":"Impact of Influenza B Lineage-Level Mismatch between Trivalent Seasonal Influenza Vaccines and Circulating Viruses, 1999\u20132012","volume":"59","author":"Heikkinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20916","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.39.20916","article-title":"Influenza Season in R\u00e9union Dominated by Influenza B Virus Circulation Associated with Numerous Cases of Severe Disease, France, 2014","volume":"19","author":"Brottet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae561","article-title":"Integrating Dynamical Modeling and Phylogeographic Inference to Characterize Global Influenza Circulation","volume":"4","author":"Parino","year":"2024","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh, Y.-H., Huang, H.-M., and Lan, Y.-C. (2016). On Temporal Patterns and Circulation of Influenza Virus Strains in Taiwan, 2008\u20132014: Implications of 2009 pH1N1 Pandemic. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154695"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e903","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00187-8","article-title":"Severity of Influenza-Associated Hospitalisations by Influenza Virus Type and Subtype in the USA, 2010\u20132019: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"4","author":"Sumner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1493","article-title":"Influenza-Associated Pediatric Deaths in the United States, 2004\u20132012","volume":"132","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7436a2","article-title":"Influenza-Associated Pediatric Deaths\u2014United States, 2024\u20132025Influenza Season","volume":"74","author":"Reinhart","year":"2025","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.13.18-00146","article-title":"Dominant Influenza A(H3N2) and B\/Yamagata Virus Circulation in EU\/EEA, 2016\/17 and 2017\/18 Seasons, Respectively","volume":"23","author":"Adlhoch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20154643","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4643","article-title":"Hospitalization for Influenza A Versus B","volume":"138","author":"Tran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"WHO FluNet (2026, May 19). Influenza Laboratory Surveillance Information. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/flunet\/flunet-summary."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00642-4","article-title":"Influenza Lineage Extinction during the COVID-19 Pandemic?","volume":"19","author":"Koutsakos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200753","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.39.2200753","article-title":"Has Influenza B\/Yamagata Become Extinct and What Implications Might This Have for Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccines?","volume":"27","author":"Paget","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100851","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00066-1","article-title":"Probable Extinction of Influenza B\/Yamagata and Its Public Health Implications: A Systematic Literature Review and Assessment of Global Surveillance Databases","volume":"5","author":"Caini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7432a2","article-title":"Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices\u2014United States, 2025\u20132026Influenza Season","volume":"74","author":"Grohskopf","year":"2025","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55254-z","article-title":"Re-Evaluation of the Evolution of Influenza H1 Viruses Using Direct PCA","volume":"9","author":"Konishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-01010-y","article-title":"Implications of the Apparent Extinction of B\/Yamagata-Lineage Human Influenza Viruses","volume":"9","author":"Barr","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.7555\/JBR.38.20240158","article-title":"Extinction of Influenza B Yamagata: Its Impact on Public Health and Vaccine Implications","volume":"39","author":"Ashraf","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104970","article-title":"Burden of Influenza B Virus Infection and Considerations for Clinical Management","volume":"185","author":"Zaraket","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1086\/381128","article-title":"Management of Influenza in Households: A Prospective, Randomized Comparison of Oseltamivir Treatment with or without Postexposure Prophylaxis","volume":"189","author":"Hayden","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trombetta, C.M., Kistner, O., Montomoli, E., Viviani, S., and Marchi, S. (2022). Influenza Viruses and Vaccines: The Role of Vaccine Effectiveness Studies for Evaluation of the Benefits of Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050714"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab566","article-title":"Comparison of the Immunogenicity of Cell Culture-Based and Recombinant Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccines to Conventional Egg-Based Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccines among Healthcare Personnel Aged 18\u201364 Years: A Randomized Open-Label Trial","volume":"73","author":"Dawood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madsen, A., and Cox, R.J. (2020). Prospects and Challenges in the Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030361"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00097-12","article-title":"Traditional and New Influenza Vaccines","volume":"26","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515135520908121","DOI":"10.1177\/2515135520908121","article-title":"Influenza Vaccines: The Potential Benefits of Cell-Culture Isolation and Manufacturing","volume":"8","author":"Rajaram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-019-01176-z","article-title":"Cell-Based Quadrivalent Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine (Flucelvax\u00ae Tetra\/Flucelvax Quadrivalent\u00ae): A Review in the Prevention of Influenza","volume":"79","author":"Lamb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2026, May 19). Cell-Based Flu Vaccines, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/vaccine-types\/cell-based.html."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2008.00053.x","article-title":"FluBlok, a Recombinant Hemagglutinin Influenza Vaccine","volume":"2","author":"Cox","year":"2008","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2013.45.2.159","article-title":"Fluad\u00ae-MF59\u00ae-Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults","volume":"45","author":"Tsai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107983","article-title":"Comparable Effectiveness of MF59-Adjuvanted and High-Dose Quadrivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccines for Prevention of Test-Confirmed Influenza during the 2022\u20132023 Influenza Season","volume":"159","author":"Imran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.18821\/0507-4088-2016-61-1-16-20","article-title":"Development of the Quadrivalent Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Including Two Influenza B Lineages\u2013Victoria and Yamagata","volume":"61","author":"Desheva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Probl. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S3297","article-title":"Development of Mucosal Adjuvants for Intranasal Vaccine for H5N1 Influenza Viruses","volume":"5","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.056","article-title":"Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness against Medically Attended Influenza Illness among Children Aged 6\u201359 Months, October 2011\u2013September 2012: A Matched Test-Negative Case\u2013Control Study in Suzhou, China","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab931","article-title":"Vaccine Effectiveness against Life-Threatening Influenza Illness in US Children","volume":"75","author":"Olson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.07.032","article-title":"Effectiveness of Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccines in Children during 2017\u20132018 Season in Korea: Comparison of Test-Negative Analysis by Rapid and RT-PCR Influenza Tests","volume":"99","author":"Sohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.02.049","article-title":"Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness against Influenza-Associated Hospitalization in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"38","author":"Kalligeros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"2","article-title":"Influenza Surveillance Trends and Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness among Department of Defense Beneficiaries during the 2019\u20132020 Influenza Season","volume":"28","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"MSMR"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.01.032","article-title":"Variable Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness across Geographical Regions, Age Groups and Levels of Vaccine Antigenic Similarity with Circulating Virus Strains: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Evidence from Test-Negative Design Studies after the 2009\/10 Influenza Pandemic","volume":"39","author":"Okoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsybalova, L.M., Stepanova, L.A., Ramsay, E.S., and Vasin, A.V. (2022). Influenza B: Prospects for the Development of Cross-Protective Vaccines. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061323"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2023.2290691","article-title":"Influenza B Virus Neuraminidase: A Potential Target for Next-Generation Vaccines?","volume":"23","author":"Do","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13276","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13276","article-title":"Recent Advances, Approaches and Challenges in the Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines","volume":"18","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.3390\/v6062465","article-title":"In the Shadow of Hemagglutinin: A Growing Interest in Influenza Viral Neuraminidase and Its Role as a Vaccine Antigen","volume":"6","author":"Wohlbold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w","article-title":"Accurate Structure Prediction of Biomolecular Interactions with AlphaFold 3","volume":"630","author":"Abramson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W296","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky427","article-title":"SWISS-MODEL: Homology Modelling of Protein Structures and Complexes","volume":"46","author":"Waterhouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1118-7","article-title":"A Chimeric Hemagglutinin-Based Universal Influenza Virus Vaccine Approach Induces Broad and Long-Lasting Immunity in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase I Trial","volume":"27","author":"Nachbagauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00024-X","article-title":"Reactogenicity, Safety, and Immunogenicity of Chimeric Haemagglutinin Influenza Split-Virion Vaccines, Adjuvanted with AS01 or AS03 or Non-Adjuvanted: A Phase 1\u20132 Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"22","author":"Folschweiller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00286-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00286-17","article-title":"Chimeric Hemagglutinin Constructs Induce Broad Protection against Influenza B Virus Challenge in the Mouse Model","volume":"91","author":"Ermler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00952-7","article-title":"Sequential Immunization with Chimeric Hemagglutinin \u0394NS1 Attenuated Influenza Vaccines Induces Broad Humoral and Cellular Immunity","volume":"9","author":"Rathnasinghe","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00333-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00333-19","article-title":"Development of Influenza B Universal Vaccine Candidates Using the \u201cMosaic\u201d Hemagglutinin Approach","volume":"93","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"205","article-title":"Preclinical Evaluation of a Universal Inactivated Influenza B Vaccine Based on the Mosaic Hemagglutinin-Approach","volume":"9","author":"Abdeljawad","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576141","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2025.2576141","article-title":"Development of a Broad-Spectrum Nasal Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Based on Mosaic Antigen Design against Influenza B Viruses","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.126882","article-title":"Development and Evaluation of Mosaic VLPs Vaccine for Enhanced Broad-Spectrum Immunity against Influenza B Virus Lineages in Mice","volume":"51","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.01.100","article-title":"A Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive Antigen (COBRA) Based H5N1 VLP Vaccine Elicits Broadly Reactive Antibodies in Mice and Ferrets","volume":"29","author":"Giles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4720","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03152-15","article-title":"Design and Characterization of a Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive Hemagglutinin Vaccine for H1N1 Influenza Viruses","volume":"90","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01581-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01581-17","article-title":"Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive Hemagglutinin Elicits Hemagglutination Inhibition Antibodies against a Panel of H3N2 Influenza Virus Cocirculating Variants","volume":"91","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01526-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01526-20","article-title":"Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive H2 HA Influenza Vaccines Elicited Broadly Cross-Reactive Antibodies and Protected Mice from Viral Challenges","volume":"95","author":"Reneer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43003-2","article-title":"A Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive Hemagglutinin Vaccine Elicits Neutralizing Antibodies against Influenza B Viruses from Both Lineages","volume":"13","author":"Carlock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00705-25","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00705-25","article-title":"Breadth of Antibody Activity Elicited by an Influenza B Hemagglutinin Vaccine Is Influenced by Pre-Existing Immune Responses to Influenza B Viruses","volume":"99","author":"Carlock","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384192","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2384192","article-title":"Immune Imprinting: The Persisting Influence of the First Antigenic Encounter with Rapidly Evolving Viruses","volume":"20","author":"Maltseva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.05.009","article-title":"Influenza Immune Escape under Heterogeneous Host Immune Histories","volume":"29","author":"Oidtman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01970-2","article-title":"Vaccination against Rapidly Evolving Pathogens and the Entanglements of Memory","volume":"25","author":"Cobey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Einav, T., Kosikova, M., Radvak, P., Kuo, Y.C., Kwon, H.J., and Xie, H. (2023). Mapping the Antibody Repertoires in Ferrets with Repeated Influenza A\/H3 Infections: Is Original Antigenic Sin Really \u201cSinful\u201d?. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020374"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222908","article-title":"Highly Conserved Protective Epitopes on Influenza B Viruses","volume":"337","author":"Dreyfus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, D., Xin, J., Yang, K., Guo, S., Wang, Q., Gao, Y., Chen, H., Ge, J., Lu, Z., and Zhang, L. (2022). A Hemagglutinin Stem Vaccine Designed Rationally by AlphaFold2 Confers Broad Protection against Influenza B Infection. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061305"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasugi, M., Kubota-Koketsu, R., Yamashita, A., Kawashita, N., Du, A., Sasaki, T., Nishimura, M., Misaki, R., Kuhara, M., and Boonsathorn, N. (2013). Human Monoclonal Antibodies Broadly Neutralizing against Influenza B Virus. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003150"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02269-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02269-17","article-title":"Native Human Monoclonal Antibodies with Potent Cross-Lineage Neutralization of Influenza B Viruses","volume":"62","author":"Vigil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.104562","article-title":"New Antibody-Based Prevention and Treatment Options for Influenza","volume":"170","author":"Sedeyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeigler, D.F., Gage, E., and Clegg, C.H. (2021). Epitope-Targeting Platform for Broadly Protective Influenza Vaccines. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252170"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.10.015","article-title":"Co-Immunization with Hemagglutinin Stem Immunogens Elicits Cross-Group Neutralizing Antibodies and Broad Protection against Influenza A Viruses","volume":"55","author":"Moin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz017","article-title":"Neuraminidase, the Forgotten Surface Antigen, Emerges as an Influenza Vaccine Target for Broadened Protection","volume":"219","author":"Eichelberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-01011-x","article-title":"Boosting Neuraminidase Immunity in the Presence of Hemagglutinin with the Next Generation of Influenza Vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Ustyugova","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0011-8","article-title":"Broadly Protective Murine Monoclonal Antibodies against Influenza B Virus Target Highly Conserved Neuraminidase Epitopes","volume":"2","author":"Wohlbold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.08.015","article-title":"Human Antibodies Targeting Influenza B Virus Neuraminidase Active Site Are Broadly Protective","volume":"53","author":"Madsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20241930","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20241930","article-title":"Identification of a Seasonal Influenza Vaccine-Induced Broadly Protective Neuraminidase Antibody","volume":"222","author":"Madsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7067","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62174-2","article-title":"Structural Basis of Broad Protection against Influenza Virus by Human Antibodies Targeting the Neuraminidase Active Site via a Recurring Motif in CDR H3","volume":"16","author":"Jo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7068","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62339-z","article-title":"Structural Convergence and Water-Mediated Substrate Mimicry Enable Broad Neuraminidase Inhibition by Human Antibodies","volume":"16","author":"Lederhofer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadu3344","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adu3344","article-title":"Neuraminidase-Specific Antibodies Drive Differential Cross-Protection between Contemporary FLUBV Lineages","volume":"11","author":"Page","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4677","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32149-8","article-title":"Development of a Pentavalent Broadly Protective Nucleoside-Modified MRNA Vaccine against Influenza B Viruses","volume":"13","author":"Pardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02294-24","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.02294-24","article-title":"Dual Roles of Influenza B Virus Neuraminidase mRNA Vaccine in Enhancing Cross-Lineage Protection by Supplementing Inactivated Split Vaccination","volume":"99","author":"Le","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-026-01378-z","article-title":"Immunogenicity and Protection of Octavalent Influenza Vaccine Candidates Using Adjuvanted Proteins or mRNA-LNPs in Na\u00efve Mice","volume":"11","author":"Catani","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00759-21","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00759-21","article-title":"Universal Influenza Virus Neuraminidase Vaccine Elicits Protective Immune Responses against Human Seasonal and Pre-Pandemic Strains","volume":"95","author":"Skarlupka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skarlupka, A.L., Zhang, X., Blas-Machado, U., Sumner, S.F., and Ross, T.M. (2023). Multi-Influenza HA Subtype Protection of Ferrets Vaccinated with an N1 COBRA-Based Neuraminidase. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010184"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403175","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2403175","article-title":"COBRA N2 NA Vaccines Induce Protective Immune Responses against Influenza Viral Infection","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00354-24","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00354-24","article-title":"Intranasal Administration of Octavalent Next-Generation Influenza Vaccine Elicits Protective Immune Responses against Seasonal and Pre-Pandemic Viruses","volume":"98","author":"Uno","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599611","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2025.2599611","article-title":"Influenza Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Multivalent Vaccine Elicits Broader Protective Immune Responses Compared to Vaccine Formulations Composed of Hemagglutinin or Neuraminidase","volume":"21","author":"Uno","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","article-title":"MRNA Vaccines\u2014A New Era in Vaccinology","volume":"17","author":"Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39376-7","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of a Phase 1\/2 Randomized Clinical Trial of a Quadrivalent, MRNA-Based Seasonal Influenza Vaccine (MRNA-1010) in Healthy Adults: Interim Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae329","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of MRNA-1010, an Investigational Seasonal Influenza Vaccine, in Healthy Adults: Final Results from a Phase 1\/2 Randomized Trial","volume":"231","author":"Ananworanich","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484088","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2025.2484088","article-title":"An MRNA-Based Seasonal Influenza Vaccine in Adults: Results of Two Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trials and Correlate of Protection Analysis of Hemagglutination Inhibition Titers","volume":"21","author":"Kandinov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.126847","article-title":"A Phase 3 Randomized Safety and Immunogenicity Trial of mRNA-1010 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine in Adults","volume":"50","author":"Soens","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaf695.012","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf695.012","article-title":"mRNA-1010, an mRNA-Based Influenza Vaccine, Is Safe and Efficacious in Adults Aged \u226550 Years","volume":"13","author":"Malkin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branche, A., Mulligan, M.J., Maniar, A., Puente, O., Oladipupo, I., Crowther, G., Zareba, A.M., Yi, Z., Scully, I., and Gomme, E. (2025). A Phase 1\/2 Randomized Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of Nucleoside-Modified Messenger RNA Influenza Vaccines in Healthy Adults. Vaccines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13040383"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2416779","article-title":"Efficacy, Immunogenicity, and Safety of Modified MRNA Influenza Vaccine","volume":"393","author":"McVinnie","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sofroniou, A., and Ridley, A. (2025). A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials Using MRNA Vaccines for Infectious Diseases Other than COVID-19. Br. J. Biomed. Sci., 82.","DOI":"10.3389\/bjbs.2025.14557"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00493-6","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of mRNA-Based Seasonal Influenza Vaccines Formulated to Include Multiple A\/H3N2 Strains with or without the B\/Yamagata Strain in US Adults Aged 50\u201375 Years: A Phase 1\/2, Open-Label, Randomised Trial","volume":"25","author":"Hsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.5646","article-title":"Immunogenicity and Safety of Influenza and COVID-19 Multicomponent Vaccine in Adults \u226550 Years: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"333","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thornhill-Wadolowski, E., Ruter, D.L., Yan, F., Gajera, M., Kurt, E., Samanta, L., Leigh, K., Zhu, J., Guo, Z., and Wang, Z. (2025). Development of an Influenza\/COVID-19 Combination mRNA Vaccine Containing a Novel Multivalent Antigen Design That Enhances Immunogenicity of Influenza Virus B Hemagglutinins. Vaccines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13060628"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1210729","article-title":"Viral Vector-Based Influenza Vaccines","volume":"12","author":"Rimmelzwaan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sayedahmed, E.E., Elkashif, A., Alhashimi, M., Sambhara, S., and Mittal, S.K. (2020). Adenoviral Vector-Based Vaccine Platforms for Developing the Next Generation of Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040574"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.01.002","article-title":"Single Mucosal Vaccination Targeting Nucleoprotein Provides Broad Protection against Two Lineages of Influenza B Virus","volume":"163","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2019.8.1.54","article-title":"Nucleoprotein Vaccine Induces Cross-Protective Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes against Both Lineages of Influenza B Virus","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2025.102594","article-title":"A Bovine Adenoviral-Vector-Based Universal Influenza Vaccine Confers Protection against Influenza A and B Viruses in Mice and Ferrets","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.126959","article-title":"A Novel Tetravalent Influenza Vaccine Based on One Chimpanzee Adenoviral Vector","volume":"53","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-09451-4","article-title":"Enhancing the Breadth of Protection in Mice with a Multivalent Influenza Vaccine","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mintaev, R.R., Glazkova, D.V., Orlova, O.V., Bogoslovskaya, E.V., and Shipulin, G.A. (2022). Development of a Universal Epitope-Based Influenza Vaccine and Evaluation of Its Effectiveness in Mice. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10040534"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler, C., Ellis, C., Folegatti, P.M., Swayze, H., Allen, J., Bussey, L., Bellamy, D., Lawrie, A., Eagling-Vose, E., and Yu, L.-M. (2021). Efficacy and Safety of a Modified Vaccinia Ankara-NP+M1 Vaccine Combined with QIV in People Aged 65 and Older: A Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial (INVICTUS). Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9080851"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corder, B.N., Bullard, B.L., Poland, G.A., and Weaver, E.A. (2020). A Decade in Review: A Systematic Review of Universal Influenza Vaccines in Clinical Trials during the 2010 Decade. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12101186"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carascal, M.B., Pavon, R.D.N., and Rivera, W.L. (2022). Recent Progress in Recombinant Influenza Vaccine Development toward Heterosubtypic Immune Response. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.948031"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-0735","article-title":"Immunogenicity, Safety, and Efficacy of a Standalone Universal Influenza Vaccine, FLU-v, in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"172","author":"Pleguezuelos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128071","article-title":"In Silico Design of a Broad-Spectrum Multiepitope Vaccine against Influenza Virus","volume":"254","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105269","article-title":"A Broad-Spectrum Multiepitope Vaccine against Seasonal Influenza A and B Viruses in Mice","volume":"106","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pumpens, P., and Pushko, P. (2022). Virus-like Particles: A Comprehensive Guide, Taylor & Francis Group. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b22819"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.-H., Li, Z., Bhatnagar, N., Subbiah, J., Park, B.R., Shin, C.H., Pushko, P., Wang, B.-Z., and Kang, S.-M. (2022). Universal Protection against Influenza Viruses by Multi-Subtype Neuraminidase and M2 Ectodomain Virus-Like Particle. PLoS Pathog., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010755"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.-N., Gomes, K.B., Lee, Y.-Z., Ward, G., Xie, B., Auclair, S., He, L., and Zhu, J. (2024). A Single-Component Multilayered Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine Based on Extracellular Domains of Matrix Protein 2 against Both Influenza A and B. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.05.602266"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13474","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c01829","article-title":"An Intranasal Multivalent Epitope-Based Nanoparticle Vaccine Confers Broad Protection against Divergent Influenza Viruses","volume":"17","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57659","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.57659","article-title":"Tailored Design of Protein Nanoparticle Scaffolds for Multivalent Presentation of Viral Glycoprotein Antigens","volume":"9","author":"Ueda","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03365-x","article-title":"Quadrivalent Influenza Nanoparticle Vaccines Induce Broad Protection","volume":"592","author":"Ellis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-011-9632-5","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of Multimeric-001\u2014A Novel Universal Influenza Vaccine","volume":"32","author":"Atsmon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7380","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.12.7380-7388.2005","article-title":"Universal Influenza B Vaccine Based on the Maturational Cleavage Site of the Hemagglutinin Precursor","volume":"79","author":"Bianchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desheva, Y., Kudar, P., Sergeeva, M., Wong, P.-F., Shvedova, T., Bazhenova, E., Krylova, E., Kurpiaeva, M., Romanovskaya-Romanko, E., and Krivitskaya, V. (2025). The Persistence of Cross-Reactive Immunity to Influenza B\/Yamagata Neuraminidase despite the Disappearance of the Lineage: Structural and Serological Evidence. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157476"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00101-15","article-title":"Meta-Analysis and Potential Role of Preexisting Heterosubtypic Cellular Immunity Based on Variations in Disease Severity Outcomes for Influenza Live Viral Challenges in Humans","volume":"22","author":"Pleguezuelos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00098-15","article-title":"A Synthetic Influenza Virus Vaccine Induces a Cellular Immune Response That Correlates with Reduction in Symptomatology and Virus Shedding in a Randomized Phase Ib Live-Virus Challenge in Humans","volume":"22","author":"Pleguezuelos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stepanova, E., Matyushenko, V., Mezhenskaya, D., Bazhenova, E., Kotomina, T., Rak, A., Donina, S., Chistiakova, A., Kostromitina, A., and Novitskaya, V. (2024). Safety, Immunogenicity and Protective Activity of a Modified Trivalent Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine for Combined Protection Against Seasonal Influenza and COVID-19 in Golden Syrian Hamsters. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12121300"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/14\/7\/574\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T01:31:49Z","timestamp":1782783109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/14\/7\/574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines14070574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines14070574","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]}}}