{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:58:08Z","timestamp":1785560288294,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006229","name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040vxhp34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01bj3aw27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/033jnv181","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza remains a significant national health security threat, particularly for vulnerable populations, as existing control measures do not fully mitigate its impact. This gap in protection is especially pronounced early in a pandemic when a well-matched vaccine may not yet be available, as well as in populations unable to mount an optimal vaccine response. Clinical studies support pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) therapeutics as a promising complementary strategy to reduce influenza transmission and disease severity, potentially easing the strain on healthcare systems during outbreaks. This manuscript outlines the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority\u2019s (BARDA\u2019s) target product profile (TPP) for a long-acting influenza PrEP product, reviews the current development landscape, and models the potential impact of early PrEP product deployment using agent-based modeling in a synthetic population of 19.5 million people across pandemic scenarios resembling the 1918, 1968, and 2009 influenza pandemics. Simulations showed that early deployment of a 70%\u2013effective PrEP reduced cumulative and peak infections, delayed the epidemic peak, and provided the greatest benefit in less transmissible pandemics; at 40\u201350% coverage, PrEP fully mitigated a 2009-like pandemic and substantially reduced transmission in 1918- and 1968-like scenarios. The TPP defines key characteristics of an effective PrEP option for seasonal and pandemic influenza that (1) demonstrates a strong safety and tolerability profile across all populations; (2) targets a direct-acting antiviral mechanism of action; (3) reduces the relative risk of symptomatic influenza infection by at least 70% in an unvaccinated population and (4) provides single-dose, season-long protection to optimize patient adherence. In this context, integrating PrEP into influenza prevention strategies could improve control of virus spread, strengthen protection for high-risk groups, and significantly reduce the overall public health impact of seasonal and pandemic influenza.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14080666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:55:11Z","timestamp":1785419711000},"page":"666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advancing Influenza Prevention: The Case for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hanumantha Rao","family":"Paritala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC 20024, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Mier-y-Teran-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leidos, Supporting the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC 20024, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramya","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC 20024, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC 20024, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra","family":"Spector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Supporting the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC 20024, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Topf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Booz Allen Hamilton, Supporting the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC 20024, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwin","family":"Kadambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Booz Allen Hamilton, Supporting the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC 20024, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4510-027X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia A.","family":"Falvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leidos, Supporting the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC 20024, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5708-8487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark J.","family":"Lamias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leidos, Supporting the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC 20024, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4256-7705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David P.","family":"Durham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leidos, Supporting the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC 20024, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC 20024, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2026, June 11). Influenza (Flu), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/signs-symptoms\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2026, June 11). Flu Burden: About Estimated Flu Burden, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu-burden\/php\/about\/index.html#:~:text=While%20the%20burden%20of%20flu,the%20United%20States%20each%20year.&text=CDC%20estimates%20that%20flu%20has,annually%20between%202010%20and%202024."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2026, June 11). Pandemic Flu: About Pandemic Influenza, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/pandemic-flu\/basics\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.5.951S","article-title":"The Public Health Threat of Emerging Viral Disease","volume":"127","author":"Morse","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1201.051254","article-title":"Influenza Pandemics of the 20th Century","volume":"12","author":"Kilbourne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2026, June 11). Influenza (Flu): How Flu Viruses Can Change: \u201cDrift\u201d and \u201cShift\u201d, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/php\/viruses\/change.html#:~:text=When%20a%20flu%20virus%20has,and%20fighting%20against%20the%20virus."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1714916","article-title":"Chasing Seasonal Influenza\u2014The Need for a Universal Influenza Vaccine","volume":"378","author":"Paules","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2026, June 11). Influenza (Flu): Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/vaccines\/keyfacts.html."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0615","article-title":"Influenza Vaccines: From Surveillance Through Production to Protection","volume":"85","author":"Tosh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rockman, S., and Laurie, K. (2025). Understanding the Implications of Delaying Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Recommendations: An Industry Perspective. Vaccines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13090891"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001145","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis for all populations","volume":"30","author":"Fonner","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116620","article-title":"Intramuscular AZD7442 (Tixagevimab\u2013Cilgavimab) for Prevention of COVID-19","volume":"386","author":"Levin","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf265","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Pemivibart, a Long-Acting Monoclonal Antibody, for Prevention of Symptomatic COVID-19: Interim Results from a Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial (CANOPY)","volume":"81","author":"Wolfe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n3064","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n3064","article-title":"COVID-19: Monoclonal antibodies authorised in US as alternative to vaccines for certain groups","volume":"375","author":"Kmietowicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18782","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical effectiveness of tixagevimab\/cilgavimab for prophylaxis of COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients","volume":"201","author":"Suribhatla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30164-X","article-title":"Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: A prospective cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6943a5","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Exposure and Infection Among Health Care Personnel\u2014Minnesota, March 6\u2013July 11, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Fell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6946a3","article-title":"Characterization of COVID-19 in Assisted Living Facilities\u201439 States, October 2020","volume":"69","author":"Yi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"U.S. Fire Administration, FEMA (2026, June 11). Information for First Responders on Maintaining Operational Capabilities During a Pandemic, Available online: https:\/\/www.usfa.fema.gov\/downloads\/pdf\/publications\/first_responder_pandemic_operational_capabilities.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17434","article-title":"A systematic review of long-term care facility characteristics associated with COVID-19 outcomes","volume":"69","author":"Konetzka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.191493","article-title":"Analysis of MarketScan Data for Immunosuppressive Conditions and Hospitalizations for Acute Respiratory Illness, United States","volume":"26","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"U.S. Fire Administration, FEMA (2026, June 11). National First Responders Day: Honoring Our Everyday Heroes, Available online: https:\/\/www.usfa.fema.gov\/blog\/national-first-responders-day\/."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad192","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad192","article-title":"Risk of Pneumococcal Disease in US Adults by Age and Risk Profile","volume":"10","author":"Grant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1875761","article-title":"Factors influencing the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines","volume":"17","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7401.1235","article-title":"Effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in treatment and prevention of influenza A and B: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials","volume":"326","author":"Cooper","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"FDA (2026, June 11). Highlights of Prescribing Information\u2014TAMIFLU\u00ae (Oseltamivir Phosphate) Capsules, for Oral Use; TAMIFLU\u00ae (Oseltamivir Phosphate) for Oral Suspension. FDA, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2019\/021087s071,021246s054lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.1.31","article-title":"Zanamivir in the Prevention of Influenza Among Healthy Adults","volume":"282","author":"Monto","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"FDA (2026, June 11). RELENZA\u2014Highlights of Prescribing Information. FDA, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2023\/021036s034lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"FDA (2026, June 11). Highlights of Prescribing Information\u2014APRETUDE, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2025\/215499s009lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2411858","article-title":"Twice-Yearly Lenacapavir for HIV Prevention in Men and Gender-Diverse Persons","volume":"392","author":"Kelley","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn259","article-title":"Estimating Influenza Vaccine Efficacy from Challenge and Community-based Study Data","volume":"168","author":"Basta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00129-8","article-title":"Variable influenza vaccine effectiveness by subtype: A systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design studies","volume":"16","author":"Belongia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0127323","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01273-23","article-title":"A phase 1 study in healthy volunteers to investigate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of VIR-2482: A monoclonal antibody for the prevention of severe influenza A illness","volume":"68","author":"Plotnik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.6.748","article-title":"Effectiveness of Oseltamivir in Preventing Influenza in Household Contacts: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"285","author":"Welliver","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350501000805","article-title":"Efficacy and Tolerability of the Oral Neuraminidase Inhibitor Peramivir in Experimental Human Influenza: Randomized, Controlled Trials for Prophylaxis and Treatment","volume":"10","author":"Barroso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915341","article-title":"Baloxavir Marboxil for Prophylaxis against Influenza in Household Contacts","volume":"383","author":"Ikematsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40780-025-00418-5","article-title":"Efficacy of baloxavir marboxil as a prophylactic against influenza among in-patients and analysis of influenza virus mutations in their isolates at a Japanese hospital during the 2023\u20132024 flu season","volume":"11","author":"Fujii","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Health Care Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"CDC (2026, June 11). Influenza Antiviral Medications: Summary for Clinicians. CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/hcp\/antivirals\/summary-clinicians.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/professionals\/antivirals\/summary-clinicians.htm.#:~:text=A%20randomized%20clinical%20trial%20reported,with%20an%20individual%20with%20influenza."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"FDA (2026, June 11). Highlights of Prescribing Information: XOFLUZA\u00ae (Baloxavir Marboxil) Tablets, for Oral Use XOFLUZA\u00ae (Baloxavir Marboxil) for Oral Suspension, Available online: https:\/\/www.gene.com\/download\/pdf\/xofluza_prescribing.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00694-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00694-18","article-title":"Evaluation of MEDI8852, an Anti-Influenza A Monoclonal Antibody, in Treating Acute Uncomplicated Influenza","volume":"62","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04704-9","article-title":"A multifunctional human monoclonal neutralizing antibody that targets a unique conserved epitope on influenza HA","volume":"9","author":"Bangaru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae368","article-title":"A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of VIR-2482 in Healthy Adults for Prevention of Influenza A Illness (PENINSULA)","volume":"79","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94314-5","article-title":"Intranasal administration of a panreactive influenza antibody reveals Fc-independent mode of protection","volume":"15","author":"Beukenhorst","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3818","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53049-5","article-title":"A pan-influenza monoclonal antibody neutralizes H5 strains and prophylactically protects through intranasal administration","volume":"14","author":"Beukenhorst","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-025-01955-3","article-title":"Drug\u2013Fc conjugate CD388 targets influenza virus neuraminidase and is broadly protective in mice","volume":"10","author":"Levin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00f6hrmann, S., Levin, J., Cole, J.N., Borchardt, A., Amundson, K., Almaguer, A., Abelovski, E., Grewal, R., Zuill, D., and Dedeic, N. (2024). CD388: A universally protective Drug-Fc Conjugate that targets influenza virus neuraminidase. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.04.597465"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e310","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf465","article-title":"Prophylactic Efficacy of CD388, a Novel Drug\u2013Fc Conjugate, in a Human Influenza A\/H3N2 Virus Challenge Model: A Randomized, Controlled Phase 2a Study","volume":"81","author":"Rojas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"60","author":"Fiore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Committee on Infectious Diseases, O\u2019lEary, S.T., Campbell, J.D., Ardura, M.I., Bryant, K.A., Caserta, M.T., Espinosa, C., Frenck, R.W., Healy, C.M., and John, C.C. (2024). Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2024\u20132025: Policy Statement. Pediatrics, 154, e2024068507.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-068507"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Committee on Infectious Diseases, O\u2019lEary, S.T., Campbell, J.D., Ardura, M.I., Bryant, K.A., Caserta, M.T., Espinosa, C., Frenck, R.W., Healy, C.M., and John, C.C. (2024). Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2024\u20132025: Technical Report. Pediatrics, 154, e2024068508.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-068508"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy874","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2018 Update on Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis, and Institutional Outbreak Management of Seasonal Influenzaa","volume":"68","author":"Uyeki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dardas, L.A., Al-Leimon, O., Jaber, A.R., Saadeh, M., Al-Leimon, A., Al-Hurani, A., Jaber, A.-R., Aziziye, O., Al-Salieby, F., and Aljahalin, M. (2023). Flu Shots Unveiled: A Global Systematic Review of Healthcare Providers\u2019 Uptake of, Perceptions, and Attitudes toward Influenza Vaccination. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11121760"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy866","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2018 Update on Diagnosis, Treatment, Chemoprophylaxis, and Institutional Outbreak Management of Seasonal Influenzaa","volume":"68","author":"Uyeki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32982-4","article-title":"Oseltamivir plus usual care versus usual care for influenza-like illness in primary care: An open-label, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial","volume":"395","author":"Butler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/14\/8\/666\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:17:29Z","timestamp":1785557849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/14\/8\/666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines14080666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines14080666","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]}}}