{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:34:09Z","timestamp":1786628049448,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: ExPEC9V was a 9-valent vaccine candidate intended for the prevention of invasive extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) disease (IED). Here, we describe more than a decade-long formulation development trajectory of this vaccine candidate aimed at establishing a stable, robust and scalable drug product that maintains long-term stability while addressing potential manufacturing challenges and increasing the probability of successful global deployment. Methods: Selected formulation development studies of the ExPEC multivalent vaccine candidate are summarized, spanning formulation screening, confirmation, and design of experiments (DoE)-based robustness, stability and compatibility studies. A formulation initially developed for an early low-valency vaccine candidate was subsequently tested and confirmed for candidates with additional serotypes incorporated based on antigen heterogeneity evidence. Contact materials employed included primary packaging\u2014polycarbonate (PC) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) bottles, borosilicate glass vials, stoppers, and prefilled syringes; vessel types\u2014bags and stainless steel vessels used in drug substance (DS) and drug product (DP) manufacturing; and varying concentrations of tungsten and hydrogen peroxide. An evolving analytical panel was applied to assess attributes such as purity, protein concentration and degree of O-acetylation. Results: A phosphate-based formulation containing sorbitol, methionine, and polysorbate 80 showed superior stability in screening and was confirmed as fit for purpose across increasing vaccine valency. The ExPEC 9V drug product displayed remarkable thermal and formulation robustness, long-term (3 years) stability at 2\u20138 \u00b0C in glass vials and prefilled syringes, and compatibility with assessed primary containers and manufacturing materials. DoE-based robustness studies defined acceptable excipient and pH ranges, supporting a wide formulation design space. Conclusions: The development trajectory of the ExPEC9V vaccine candidate demonstrates that early prioritization of a robust, scalable formulation that remains fit for purpose across valency evolution supports a stable late-stage manufacturable drug product.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14080690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:30:32Z","timestamp":1786465832000},"page":"690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Formulation Development of a Multivalent Bioconjugate ExPEC Vaccine Candidate: Linking Early Design to Late-Stage Stability and Manufacturability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Milena","family":"Opacic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johnson & Johnson, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Labovitiadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johnson & Johnson, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4489-7422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"de Goede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johnson & Johnson, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4720-2904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martinus A.H.","family":"Capelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johnson & Johnson, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359691","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2359691","article-title":"Vaccines against extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC): Progress and challenges","volume":"16","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millar, B.C., Cates, M.J., Torrisi, M.S., Round, A.J., Warde, A., Lowery, C.J., and Moore, J.E. 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