{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T05:26:53Z","timestamp":1786685213554,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013129","name":"Ministry of SMEs and Startups","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["S3063938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3063938"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["S3063938"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S3063938"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/022c4zk48","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003668","name":"Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, and Forestry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["322003-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["322003-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Regional Innovation System & Education (RISE) program through the Jeonbuk RISE Center","award":["2025-RISE-13-JBU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-RISE-13-JBU"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, is difficult to control on goat farms because of subclinical infection, abscess rupture, environmental contamination, and repeated herd-level exposure. This study evaluated a Korean inactivated CLA vaccine under commercial goat farm conditions and combined vaccination outcomes with farm-level bacteriological profiling. Methods: Goats from three commercial farms were allocated according to baseline CLA serostatus and vaccination status into seropositive vaccinated, seronegative vaccinated, seropositive non-vaccinated, and seronegative non-vaccinated control groups. Vaccinated goats received two intramuscular doses at weeks 0 and 4. Clinical signs, external abscess occurrence, growth performance, CLA-specific antibody responses, and abscess bacterial loads were monitored. Farm-level microbial profiles were assessed using culture, MALDI-TOF MS, and targeted PCR. Results: Baseline antibody classification showed strong agreement between the commercial CLA ELISA and the in-house whole-bacterial IgG ELISA, with a Spearman\u2019s rho of 0.89 (p &lt; 0.001) and 96.7% classification agreement. Vaccination induced CLA-specific antibody responses in both assays and was not associated with a persistent reduction in growth performance. External abscesses were observed only in baseline seropositive goats. Abscesses occurred in 1\/30 vaccinated and 2\/15 non-vaccinated seropositive goats, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.254). Microbial profiling showed farm-dependent detection patterns. Conclusions: The vaccine induced CLA-specific antibody responses (immunogenicity) with acceptable tolerability. The exploratory abscess endpoint was underpowered, and clinical protection was not confirmed; larger studies are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14080695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T11:02:11Z","timestamp":1786532531000},"page":"695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated Field Evaluation of a Caseous Lymphadenitis Vaccine and Environmental Bacteriological Profiling in Commercial Goat Farms in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2586-2307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gyeong-Seo","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Lab, WOOGENE B&G Co., Ltd., Seoul 07299, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0589-6455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Lab, WOOGENE B&G Co., Ltd., Seoul 07299, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8528-0402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minsung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Lab, WOOGENE B&G Co., Ltd., Seoul 07299, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6832-9939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minseok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Lab, WOOGENE B&G Co., Ltd., Seoul 07299, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunhui","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Lab, WOOGENE B&G Co., Ltd., Seoul 07299, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungmin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soo Animal Hospital, Geochang 50141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1584-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myung Hyee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Research Institute for Veterinary Biologics (KRIVB), Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3229-8932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byeong Yeal","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Lab, WOOGENE B&G Co., Ltd., Seoul 07299, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Korea Research Institute for Veterinary Biologics (KRIVB), Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4048-9030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chonghan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Lab, WOOGENE B&G Co., Ltd., Seoul 07299, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2977-5953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byoung Joo","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Lab, WOOGENE B&G Co., Ltd., Seoul 07299, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30033-5","article-title":"Caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants","volume":"17","author":"Williamson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. 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