{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T09:27:26Z","timestamp":1786613246138,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008771","name":"National Animal Disease Research Project, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M-1543386-2026-27-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M-1543386-2026-27-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["M-1543386-2026-27-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M-1543386-2026-27-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04sbe6g90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease causing substantial economic losses in livestock. Conventional intramuscular (IM) vaccination is widely used for FMD control but may be associated with transient reductions in milk production. This study evaluated whether intradermal (ID) vaccination could induce comparable immune responses and protection while minimizing potential impacts on productivity. Methods: In cattle, the immunogenicity of an experimental bivalent ID vaccine was compared with that of a commercially available IM vaccine by measuring antibody responses for up to 140 days post-vaccination (dpv). Milk production was monitored for 7 dpv in a separate cohort of lactating cattle. Protective efficacy was evaluated in goats following ID vaccination and challenge with a 2025 Republic of Korea serotype O field isolate (O\/ME-SA\/Ind-2001). Results: ID vaccination induced humoral immune responses comparable to those elicited by IM vaccination throughout the 140-day observation period. Although no statistically significant difference in milk production was observed, the ID group showed a smaller numerical reduction in milk yield. Following viral challenge, ID-vaccinated goats developed rapid neutralizing antibody responses, exhibited no clinical signs, and showed lower viral RNA levels than unvaccinated controls. Conclusions: Intradermal vaccination induced long-lasting immune responses comparable to conventional IM vaccination, was associated with a smaller numerical reduction in milk yield, and protected goats against challenge with a contemporary FMDV field isolate. These findings provide preliminary evidence supporting the potential of ID vaccination as an alternative strategy for FMD control in ruminants and warrant further comparative studies with conventional IM vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14080699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T08:06:16Z","timestamp":1786608376000},"page":"699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intradermal Vaccination Induces Protective Immunity Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease While Mitigating Milk Yield Reduction in Ruminants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dong-Wan","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seo-Yong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So Eon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6966-1085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyejin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2662-9064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Hyeon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2784-513X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3436-8175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Joon","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4827-0686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoon-Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0825-8121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Hyeon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4540-0115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Han","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for FMD Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.11.4","article-title":"Development of Vaccines toward the Global Control and Eradication of Foot-and-Mouth Disease","volume":"10","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) (2025). Foot and Mouth Disease (Infection with Foot and Mouth Disease Virus). WOAH Terrestrial Manual, WOAH. Chapter 3.1.8."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnaswamy, N., Jeyakumar, S., Selvan, R.P.T., Gowane, G.R., Mahadappa, P., Vijayapillai, U., Dechamma, H.J., Patel, B.H.M., Saravanan, P., and Ramesha, K.P. (2021). Short-Term Effect of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Vaccination on the Milk Yield in the Deoni and Crossbred Cows. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 53.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02653-y"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2023.2229409","article-title":"Effect of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccination on Acute Phase Response and Milk Production in the Holstein-Friesian Crossbred Cow","volume":"51","author":"Raina","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muniz, J.M., Santos, H.P., Bezerra, D.C., Bezerra, N.P.C., Ros\u00e1rio, C.J.R.M., and Coimbra, V.C.S. (2025). Adverse Reactions to Bivalent Vaccine against Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Beef and Dairy Cattle. Braz. J. Biol., 85.","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.296922"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.03.045","article-title":"Adjuvants in Cutaneous Vaccination: A Comprehensive Analysis","volume":"369","author":"Oladejo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1310","article-title":"Immune Surveillance in the Skin: Mechanisms and Clinical Consequences","volume":"4","author":"Kupper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2011.07696.x","article-title":"Research in Practice: Different Dendritic Cell Types in Skin with Various Functions\u2014Important Implications for Intradermal Vaccines","volume":"9","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elrashedy, A., Nayel, M., Salama, A., Zaghawa, A., El-Shabasy, R.M., and Hasan, M.E. (2025). Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Genomic and Proteomic Structure, Antigenic Sites, Serotype Relationships, Immune Evasion, Recent Vaccine Development Strategies, and Future Perspectives. Vet. Res., 56.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-025-01485-0"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.079426","article-title":"Intradermal Delivery of Vaccines: Potential Benefits and Current Challenges","volume":"89","author":"Hickling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.03.095","article-title":"Intradermal Vaccine Delivery: Will New Delivery Systems Transform Vaccine Administration?","volume":"26","author":"Lambert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.-W., Cho, G., Kim, H., Lee, G., Lim, T.-G., Kwak, H.-Y., Park, J.-H., and Park, S.-H. (2023). Immunogenicity and Protection against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Swine Intradermally Vaccinated with a Bivalent Vaccine of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type O and A. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11040815"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.-W., Lee, S.-Y., Kim, T.-J., Kim, H., Hwang, J.-H., Park, S.Y., Ko, Y.-J., Lee, Y.-H., Park, J.-H., and Park, S.-H. (2026). Evaluation of an Effective Intradermal Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine for Early Protection. Vaccines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14030263"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00018-09","article-title":"Innate Immune Defenses Induced by CpG Do Not Promote Vaccine-Induced Protection against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Pigs","volume":"16","author":"Alves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.12.011","article-title":"Intradermal Vaccination of Pigs against FMD with 1\/10 Dose Results in Comparable Vaccine Efficacy as Intramuscular Vaccination with a Full Dose","volume":"27","author":"Weerdmeester","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinbach, S., Jalili-Firoozinezhad, S., Srinivasan, S., Melo, M.B., Middleton, S., Konold, T., Coad, M., Hammond, P.T., Irvine, D.J., and Vordermeier, M. (2021). Temporal Dynamics of Intradermal Cytokine Response to Tuberculin in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-Vaccinated Cattle Using Sampling Microneedles. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86398-6"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(01)00244-6","article-title":"Efficacy of Intradermal Vaccination","volume":"79","author":"Hunsaker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/14\/8\/699\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T08:39:53Z","timestamp":1786610393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/14\/8\/699"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines14080699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines14080699","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]}}}