{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:04:29Z","timestamp":1791259469362,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023280","name":"CSL Seqirus","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023280","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Despite the increasing availability of tailored vaccines, vaccine-preventable respiratory diseases (VPRDs), including influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), COVID-19, and pneumococcal disease (PD), continue to impose a significant health and economic burden. This study assessed the epidemiological and economic burden of VPRD among adults aged \u226565 across four Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland). Methods: Data on incidence, hospital admissions, and mortality were obtained from national statistics (week 21, 2024\u2013week 20, 2025) and supplemented with peer-reviewed literature. A static model was developed to quantify epidemiological and economic burden associated with VPRD during the 2024\/2025 winter season. Results: During the 2024\/2025 season, VPRD resulted in approximately 830,000 symptomatic cases, 60,300 hospital admissions, and 7750 deaths across the Nordic countries. COVID-19 showed the highest estimated incidence and numbers of hospital admissions, followed by influenza, PD, and RSV. Mortality was comparable between COVID-19 and influenza, followed by PD and RSV. Annual healthcare costs were approximately \u20ac1132 million, with productivity losses constituting an additional 7%. Conclusions: Despite national vaccination efforts, VPRDs remain a major health and economic burden in the Nordic countries. Strengthening immunization programs through improved vaccine uptake, broader coverage, and use of advanced vaccines may contribute to further reducing this burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14080703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T12:47:11Z","timestamp":1786625231000},"page":"703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Epidemiological and Economic Burden of Vaccine-Preventable Respiratory Diseases Among Adults Aged 65 Years and Older in the Nordic Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4022-1951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoline Weinreich","family":"Reinstrup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nordic Institute of Health Economics, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9e Hangaard","family":"Gidsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nordic Institute of Health Economics, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terho","family":"Heikkinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4009-4032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Margarita","family":"Dyrhol-Riise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars-\u00c5ke","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Medicine and Caring Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 58183 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars J\u00f8rgen","family":"\u00d8stergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6512-5566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars Holger","family":"Ehlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nordic Institute of Health Economics, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2025, July 04). 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