{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:53:10Z","timestamp":1787237590151,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-67015-42629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-67015-42629"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, USDA-ARS Innovation Funds","award":["58-0402-9-215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-0402-9-215"]}]},{"award":["58-0402-9-215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-0402-9-215"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qx3fv49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Staphylococcus aureus (SA) causes septicemia and arthritis, eventually resulting in substantial economic losses and health hazards in poultry. Lethal electron beam (eBeam) treatment kills bacteria while preserving surface epitopes. Methods: This study compared broiler chicken immune responses (local and systemic) after eBeam-killed (eB) or formalin-killed (FK) SA injections. The vaccine (sham) control was endotoxin-free PBS. This study contained six treatments (trt) with five chickens\/trt, with vaccine trts divided into two groups, A and B. Group A received in ovo vaccine\/sham treatments (phase 1) initially. At 34 d of age, the pulps of growing feathers (GFs) received intradermal (i.d.) injections of the respective trt to elicit booster and primary responses in groups A and B, respectively. Blood was collected to analyze leukocyte populations and plasma SA-specific antibody levels. Additionally, in phase 2, GFs were collected to assess leukocyte presence in GF pulps. Two-way ANOVA was conducted to test the effects of treatment, time, and their interactions, followed by Tukey\u2019s HSD tests at p &lt; 0.05 for statistical significance. Results: Early in phase 1, the eB group had increased SA-specific IgM, IgA, and total lymphocyte concentrations compared with FK. In phase 2, FK and eB i.d. vaccines increased total lymphocyte and T cell proportions in GF pulps compared with sham. In blood, the recall eB vaccination increased monocytes, B cells, CD8+ T cells, and total lymphocytes, while the recall FK vaccination increased heterophils (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Improved early protection at mucosal surfaces may be reflected by higher plasma levels of SA-specific IgM and IgA following in ovo eBeam-killed-SA vaccination. Additionally, both eB-SA and FK-SA vaccines stimulated robust local inflammatory responses dominated by lymphocytes in GF pulps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14080716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:48:31Z","timestamp":1787219311000},"page":"716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Local and Systemic Immune Responses in Growing Feather Pulps and Blood of Broiler Chickens Elicited by Electron Beam- and Formalin-Killed Staphylococcus aureus Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3625-3589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruvindu","family":"Perera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8705-5146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jossie M.","family":"Santamaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Agriculture, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3205-1285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrysta N.","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2106-3484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisela F.","family":"Erf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Agriculture, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5122-9150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adnan","family":"Alrubaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"},{"name":"Division of Agriculture, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9128-4544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Palmy","family":"Jesudhasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fayetteville, AR 72791, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management","volume":"28","author":"Tong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. 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