{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T05:19:54Z","timestamp":1788326394495,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015539","name":"Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["79533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["79533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015539","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["79533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["79533"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0314h5y94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Drakensberg Trust"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01t03c617","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012129","name":"Baker Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03r1hk592","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Melbourne Human Rights Scholarship"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008561","name":"Burnet Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05ktbsm52","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Awards","award":["#2017630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2017630"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Awards","award":["#2016379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2016379"]}]},{"award":["#2017630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2017630"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["#2016379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2016379"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Over the past decade, the East New Britain Provincial Health Authority in Papua New Guinea has worked with partner research organisations to implement data-driven interventions to improve immunisation coverage. This paper reports on facility assessments conducted as part of a cross-sectional study to understand improvements and identify enablers and barriers to routine childhood immunisation in the province. Methods: Between May and August 2023, nine urban and rural health facilities, providing immunisation services at the time of the study in five areas, were assessed using an adapted World Health Organisation (WHO) Service Availability and Readiness Assessment tool. The tool evaluated facility characteristics, routine childhood immunisation readiness and vaccine supply data. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and findings were mapped to adapted WHO health system categories to identify service delivery improvement priorities. Findings: Several aspects of immunisation service availability and quality had improved since an assessment in 2016\/17. Strengths included fixed-facility and outreach service models tailored to catchment populations, high availability of cold chain and vaccine administration equipment, improved immunisation guidance and job-aids. Priority areas included increasing workforce capacity, improving health record completion to inform outreach, increasing availability of guidelines and reporting tools, reducing stock-outs and enhancing stock tracking. Conclusions: Offering accessible vaccination at every opportunity and using quality data to inform programme implementation and resource allocation are priorities for the Provincial Health Authority. This facility-level assessment identified existing immunisation delivery strengths and highlighted community- and provincial-level priority investment areas to strengthen facility capacity and routine immunisation service delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14090755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T08:31:13Z","timestamp":1788251473000},"page":"755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Health System Capacity to Deliver Routine Childhood Immunisations: An Assessment of Health Facilities in Gazelle and Kokopo Districts, East New Britain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8479-1855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Dalton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 161 Barry St., Carlton, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Vaccher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0931-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"},{"name":"School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie St., Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Sanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pele","family":"Melepia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mustard Seed Global, 54 Shearwater Dr, Glenmore Park, Sydney, NSW 2745, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah A.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, Section 90, Lot 1 Takubar, Kokopo P.O. Box 1458, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynette","family":"Duwaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, Section 90, Lot 1 Takubar, Kokopo P.O. Box 1458, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Paivu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, Section 90, Lot 1 Takubar, Kokopo P.O. Box 1458, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Kiromat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East New Britain Provincial Health Authority, Butuwin, Kokopo P.O. Box 714, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsie","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East New Britain Provincial Health Authority, Butuwin, Kokopo P.O. Box 714, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Waramin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea National Department of Health, Aopi Building Centre, Waigani Dr, National Capital District 121, Port Moresby P.O. Box 807, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0964-805X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moses","family":"Laman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Boroko, National Capital District 111, Port Moresby P.O. Box 5854, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline S. E.","family":"Homer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle J. L.","family":"Scoullar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne J.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"},{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka P.O. Box 60, Papua New Guinea"},{"name":"The School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St. Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7624-5691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margie","family":"Danchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, 161 Barry St., Carlton, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Vaccine Uptake Group, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Pomat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka P.O. 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