{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T09:24:35Z","timestamp":1788341075011,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":206,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"World Association for Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders","award":["WAidid-2025-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WAidid-2025-12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vaccines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract disease and hospitalization in early infancy. The availability of maternal RSVpreF vaccination and long-acting infant monoclonal antibodies has created two effective but operationally distinct pathways for passive protection. Methods: This WAidid consensus document focuses on maternal RSV immunization within an integrated early infancy prevention strategy. A multidisciplinary Consensus Development Group reviewed evidence on infant RSV burden and seasonality, maternal vaccine efficacy and effectiveness, transplacental antibody transfer, long-acting monoclonal antibodies, implementation, equity, and economic considerations. Recommendations were developed using a modified Delphi process with a prespecified consensus threshold of at least 75% agreement. Results: Maternal vaccination can provide protection from birth when administered sufficiently before delivery, whereas direct infant monoclonal antibody prophylaxis provides rapid protection independent of maternal immune response and placental transfer. The relative value of the two approaches depends on gestational age, vaccination-to-delivery interval, infant risk, birth timing, local RSV circulation, antenatal care access, product availability, and cost. Post-pandemic disruption of RSV seasonality increases the importance of flexible strategies that protect infants born outside historically defined seasonal windows. Direct head-to-head evidence remains limited; therefore, policy decisions should integrate trial efficacy, emerging real-world effectiveness, implementation feasibility, and local epidemiology rather than assume universal superiority of one strategy. Conclusions: Maternal vaccination and infant monoclonal antibodies should be positioned within a coordinated prevention pathway. Maternal vaccination may serve as the principal strategy for appropriately timed pregnancies with reliable antenatal access, while infant monoclonal antibodies are particularly important when maternal vaccination is absent, too close to delivery, or potentially ineffective, or when the infant is preterm or otherwise at increased risk. Surveillance and locally adapted implementation are essential to maintain protection as RSV epidemiology evolves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14090768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:56:01Z","timestamp":1788339361000},"page":"768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal Immunization Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus: An Updated WAidid Consensus Document on Evidence, Implementation, and Public Health Priorities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4103-2837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Esposito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6525-2159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Ricc\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servizio di Prevenzione e Sicurezza Negli Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahaa","family":"Abu-Raya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre and the Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada"},{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada"},{"name":"Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Icardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5467-0630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vana","family":"Spoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department \u201cMAKKA\u201d, First Department of Paediatrics, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1972-6859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana","family":"Falup Pecurariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Clinical Hospital Brasov, 500063 Brasov, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Brasov, Transilvania University, 500019 Brasov, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1556-2538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan Fan-Ngai","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6535-3497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Osterhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5012-7355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vittorio","family":"Sambri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Microbiology, The Greater Romagna Area Hub Laboratory, 47522 Cesena, Italy"},{"name":"Department Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3468-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Principi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricc\u00f2, M., Abu-Raya, B., Icardi, G., Spoulou, V., Greenberg, D., Pecurariu, O.F., Hung, I.F., Osterhaus, A., Sambri, V., and Esposito, S. (2024). Respiratory Syncytial Virus: A WAidid Consensus Document on New Preventive Options. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12121317"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30938-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: A systematic review and modelling study","volume":"390","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00478-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2025.101447","article-title":"Risk factors for severe outcomes of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children: A nationwide cohort study in Sweden","volume":"58","author":"Dallagiacoma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00367-9","article-title":"Burden of RSV infections among young children in primary care: A prospective cohort study in five European countries (2021-23)","volume":"13","author":"Hak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-024-01688-9","article-title":"Trends in hospitalizations of children with respiratory syncytial virus aged less than 1 year in Italy, from 2015 to 2019","volume":"50","author":"Cutrera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000917","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection in the modern era","volume":"36","author":"Ludlow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lodi, L., Catamer\u00f2, F., Voarino, M., Barbati, F., Moriondo, M., Nieddu, F., Sarli, W.M., Citera, F., Astorino, V., and Pelosi, C. (2024). Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized children over a 9-year period and preventive strategy impact. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1381107"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023061803","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-061803","article-title":"Palivizumab Prophylaxis in Infants and Young Children at Increased Risk of Hospitalization for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection","volume":"152","author":"Caserta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021055607","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-055607","article-title":"Palivizumab Use in the NICU: 1999\u20132020","volume":"150","author":"Clark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"35","article-title":"Expert consensus on palivizumab use for respiratory syncytial virus in developed countries","volume":"33","author":"Luna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110275","article-title":"Nirsevimab for prevention of RSV in healthy late-preterm and term infants","volume":"386","author":"Hammitt","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soudani, S., Bertizzolo, L., Ghemmouri, M., Chappell, M., McCool, R., Reddish, K., Miller, P., Barker, E., and Fewster, H. (2025). Nirsevimab for preventing respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections in infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1641085"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00062-2","article-title":"Nirsevimab binding-site conservation in respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein worldwide between 1956 and 2021","volume":"23","author":"Wilkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, S., Abu Raya, B., Baraldi, E., Flanagan, K., Martinon Torres, F., Tsolia, M., and Zielen, S. (2022). RSV prevention in all infants: Which is the most preferable strategy?. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.880368"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2026, March 25). RSV Immunization Guidance for Infants and Young Children, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/rsv\/hcp\/vaccine-clinical-guidance\/infants-young-children.html."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2216480","article-title":"Bivalent prefusion F vaccine in pregnancy to prevent RSV illness in infants","volume":"388","author":"Kampmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00156-2","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of RSVpreF vaccination during pregnancy against RSV-associated lower respiratory tract disease leading to hospitalisation in infants during the 2024 RSV season in Argentina: A multicentre, retrospective, test-negative, case-control study","volume":"25","author":"Vizzotti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100988","DOI":"10.37349\/eaa.2025.100988","article-title":"Maternal RSV vaccination to protect infants: Current evidence and future directions","volume":"3","author":"Sallam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Explor. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-026-01344-1","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Immunization Strategies to Protect Infants Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Germany: A Decision Modeling Study","volume":"15","author":"Lade","year":"2026","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-026-01311-w","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of nirsevimab and clesrovimab in preventing respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract disease in infants in the United States: A modeling study","volume":"15","author":"Yarnoff","year":"2026","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.10.025","article-title":"Systematic review on respiratory syncytial virus epidemiology in adults and the elderly in Latin America","volume":"90","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofu118","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu118","article-title":"Transmission of respiratory syncytial virus infection within families","volume":"2","author":"Heikkinen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2010.67","article-title":"Successful Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Nosocomial Transmission Following an Enhanced Seasonal Infection Control Program","volume":"46","author":"Lavergne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"3","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Virology, Reverse Genetics, and Pathogenesis of Disease","volume":"372","author":"Collins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29758","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29758","article-title":"Analysis of the Prevalence and Clinical Features of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in a Pediatric Hospital in Zhejiang Province from 2019 to 2023","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2019.07.001","article-title":"Clinical Manifestations and Outcomes of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Adult Hospitalized Patients","volume":"117","author":"Chuaychoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1984","article-title":"Clinical Phenotypes and Molecular Characteristics of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Adults: A Monocentric Prospective Study Between 2019 and 2022","volume":"9","author":"Bay","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricc\u00f2, M., Baldassarre, A., Provenzano, S., Corrado, S., Cerviere, M.P., Parisi, S., Marchesi, F., and Bottazzoli, M. (2022). Infodemiology of RSV in Italy (2017\u20132022): An Alternative Option for the Surveillance of Incident Cases in Pediatric Age?. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9121984"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1708","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis","volume":"97","author":"Leung","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Natl. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2024.03.001","article-title":"Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease","volume":"4","author":"Raj","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Intensive Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043951","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Elderly and High-Risk Adults","volume":"352","author":"Falsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricc\u00f2, M., Corrado, S., Palmieri, S., and Marchesi, F. (2023). Respiratory Syncytial Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Tomographic Findings (2000\u20132022). Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10071169"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"204993611986579","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Diagnosis, Prevention and Management","volume":"6","author":"Barr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25462","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection among Adults during Influenza Season: A Frequently Overlooked Diagnosis","volume":"91","author":"Salillas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00088102","article-title":"Evaluation of a Quantitative Real-Time PCR for the Detection of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Pulmonary Diseases","volume":"21","author":"Borg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2011.11.012","article-title":"A Sensitive Real-Time PCR for Detection and Subgrouping of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus","volume":"179","author":"Do","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-22-23","article-title":"Acute Bronchiolitis in Infants, a Review","volume":"22","author":"Skjerven","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kengne-Nde, C., Kenmoe, S., Modiyinji, A.F., and Njouom, R. (2020). Prevalence of Respiratory Viruses Using Polymerase Chain Reaction in Children with Wheezing, a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243735"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199707000-00017","article-title":"Adenovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Chronic Sinusitis Using Polymerase Chain Reaction","volume":"107","author":"Ramadan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-023-00805-1","article-title":"Diagnosis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Adults Substantially Increases When Adding Sputum, Saliva, and Serology Testing to Nasopharyngeal Swab RT-PCR","volume":"12","author":"Ramirez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad012","article-title":"Underascertainment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Adults Due to Diagnostic Testing Limitations: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"228","author":"Onwuchekwa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079322","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2079322","article-title":"RSV Disease in Infants and Young Children: Can We See a Brighter Future?","volume":"18","author":"Baraldi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S577","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz059","article-title":"Global Disease Burden Estimates of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Acute Respiratory Infection in Older Adults in 2015: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"222","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60206-1","article-title":"Global Burden of Acute Lower Respiratory Infections Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Young Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"375","author":"Nair","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.07.011","article-title":"Respiratory Viruses in Transplant Recipients: More than Just a Cold. Clinical Syndromes and Infection Prevention Principles","volume":"62","author":"Abbas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozzola, E., Ciarlitto, C., Guolo, S., Brusco, C., Cerone, G., Antilici, L., Schettini, L., Piscitelli, A.L., Chiara Vittucci, A., and Cutrera, R. (2021). Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis in Infancy: The Acute Hospitalization Cost. Front. Pediatr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.594898"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20193611","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-3611","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Hospitalizations Among Young Children: 2015\u20132016","volume":"146","author":"Rha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200207000-00005","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Coded Pediatric Hospitalizations, 1997 to 1999","volume":"21","author":"Leader","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S127","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00510-9","article-title":"Recent Trends in Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) among US Infants, 1997 to 2000","volume":"143","author":"Leader","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13344","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13344","article-title":"Disease Burden of RSV Infections and Bronchiolitis in Young Children (<5 Years) in Primary Care and Emergency Departments: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"18","author":"Heemskerk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-024-01006-0","article-title":"The Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in Germany: A Comprehensive Data Analysis Suggests Underdetection of Hospitalisations and Deaths in Adults 60 Years and Older","volume":"13","author":"Scholz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e367","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30103-2","article-title":"Burden of Paediatric Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease and Potential Effect of Different Immunisation Strategies: A Modelling and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for England","volume":"2","author":"Cromer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, W., Liu, Q., Zhou, Y., Ran, Y., Liu, Z., Hou, W., Pei, S., and Lai, S. (2023). Spatiotemporal Variations of \u201cTriple-Demic\u201d Outbreaks of Respiratory Infections in the United States in the Post-COVID-19 Era. BMC Public Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17406-9"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.08.013","article-title":"Revamping Public Health Systems: Lessons Learned From the Tripledemic","volume":"66","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazela, J., Jackowska, T., Czech, M., Helwich, E., Martyn, O., Aleksiejuk, P., Smaga, A., Glazewska, J., and Wysocki, J. (2024). Epidemiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospitalizations in Poland: An Analysis from 2015 to 2023 Covering the Entire Polish Population of Children Aged under Five Years. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050704"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13282","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13282","article-title":"RSV Disease Burden in Primary Care in Italy: A Multi-Region Pediatric Study, Winter Season 2022\u20132023","volume":"18","author":"Scarpaci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6702a4","article-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Respiratory Syncytial Virus Seasonality-United States, 2014\u20132017","volume":"67","author":"Rose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1403707","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Seasonality and Its Implications on Prevention Strategies","volume":"14","author":"Janet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818000614","article-title":"Meteorological Factors and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Seasonality in Subtropical Australia","volume":"146","author":"Morley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.1.1","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Genetic and Antigenic Diversity","volume":"13","author":"Sullender","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00010-16","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection, Detection, and New Options for Prevention and Treatment","volume":"30","author":"Griffiths","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.12.003","article-title":"Environmental Factors Affecting the Transmission of Respiratory Viruses","volume":"2","author":"Pica","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l5021","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5021","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Adults","volume":"366","author":"Nam","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04001","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04001","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children with Acute Respiratory Illnesses in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Regassa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.05.076","article-title":"The Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region across Age Groups: A Systematic Review","volume":"39","author":"Youssef","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3390\/epidemiologia5010004","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 in Homeless People from Urban Shelters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2023)","volume":"5","author":"Baldassarre","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemiologia"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12584","article-title":"Prevalence of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in People with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Kenmoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yassine, H.M., Sohail, M.U., Younes, N., and Nasrallah, G.K. (2020). Systematic Review of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Prevalence, Genotype Distribution, and Seasonality in Children from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8050713"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0804877","article-title":"The Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Young Children","volume":"360","author":"Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12667","article-title":"Approaches to Use the WHO Respiratory Syncytial Virus Surveillance Platform to Estimate Disease Burden","volume":"14","author":"Pebody","year":"2020","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Zhou, L., Zhao, Y., Ma, L., Zhang, H., Liu, Y., Liu, X., and Hu, J. (2023). Epidemiological analysis of Group A streptococcus infection diseases among children in Beijing, China under COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Pediatr., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-023-03885-7"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-04967-5","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of Streptococcus pyogenes bloodstream infections in children in Madrid, Spain","volume":"182","author":"Carbayo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e127","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2023.38.e127","article-title":"Twenty-Five Year Trend Change in the Etiology of Pediatric Invasive Bacterial Infections in Korea, 1996\u20132020","volume":"38","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Examining the Interseasonal Resurgence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Western Australia","volume":"7","author":"Foley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2829","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1906","article-title":"The Interseasonal Resurgence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Australian Children Following the Reduction of Coronavirus Disease 2019-Related Public Health Measures","volume":"73","author":"Foley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16926","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21430-x","article-title":"Lockdown Measures during the COVID-19 Pandemic Strongly Impacted the Circulation of Respiratory Pathogens in Southern China","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13346","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13346","article-title":"Comparison of the Burden and Temporal Pattern of Hospitalisations Associated With Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Before and After COVID-19 in New Zealand","volume":"18","author":"Turner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29719","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29719","article-title":"Timing Patterns of Initial Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and Factors Influencing Disease Severity in Hospitalized Infants with Different Health Status","volume":"96","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piedra, P.A., Hause, A.M., and Aideyan, L. (2016). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Neutralizing antibody, a correlate of immune protection. Methods in Molecular Biology, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3687-8_7"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy106","article-title":"Virus-Specific Antibody, Viral Load, and Disease Severity in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection","volume":"218","author":"Walsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1700","article-title":"Antibody Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children < 18 Months Old","volume":"12","author":"Esposito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-03841-8","article-title":"Evaluation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus IgG Antibody Dynamics in Mother-Infant Pairs Cohort","volume":"39","author":"Yildiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu316","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Transplacental Antibody Transfer and Kinetics in Mother-Infant Pairs in Bangladesh","volume":"210","author":"Chu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa483","article-title":"Antibody Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus: A Cross-Sectional Serosurveillance Study in the Dutch Population Focusing on Infants Younger Than 2 Years","volume":"224","author":"Berbers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00333-3","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Paying the Immunity Debt with Interest","volume":"5","author":"Hatter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2711.211565","article-title":"Resurgence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections during Covid-19 Pandemic, Tokyo, Japan","volume":"27","author":"Ujiie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-01148-8","article-title":"Epidemiology and Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Children in Italy","volume":"47","author":"Azzari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2024.100442","article-title":"Irregular Seasonality of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Persists in 2023 in Osaka, Japan","volume":"13","author":"Miyama","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJID Reg."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107231","article-title":"Seasonality and Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Dynamic Cohort Study","volume":"148","author":"Lastrucci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"101050","article-title":"Characterising the Changes in RSV Epidemiology in Beijing, China during 2015\u20132023: Results from a Prospective, Multi-Centre, Hospital-Based Surveillance and Serology Study","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camporesi, A., Morello, R., Pierucci, U.M., Proli, F., Lazzareschi, I., Bersani, G., Valentini, P., Roland, D., and Buonsenso, D. (2023). 2021\/22 and 2022\/23 Post-Pandemic Bronchiolitis Seasons in Two Major Italian Cities: A Prospective Study. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10061081"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13347","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13347","article-title":"Economic Burden of Medically Attended Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Among Privately Insured Children Under 5 Years of Age in the USA","volume":"18","author":"Tran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir. Viruses"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa754","article-title":"Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection during the First Year of Life","volume":"223","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S154","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac120","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Is the Leading Cause of United States Infant Hospitalizations, 2009\u20132019: A Study of the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample","volume":"226","author":"Suh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"(2019). Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study Group. Causes of Severe Pneumonia Requiring Hospital Admission in Children without HIV Infection from Africa and Asia: The PERCH Multi-Country Case-Control Study. Lancet, 394, 757\u2013779."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1829899","article-title":"A Phase 1, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of an MRNA-Based RSV Prefusion F Protein Vaccine in Healthy Younger and Older Adults","volume":"17","author":"Aliprantis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3390\/idr16020026","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Recipients of Bone Marrow Transplants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Parisi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricc\u00f2, M., Cascio, A., Corrado, S., Bottazzoli, M., Marchesi, F., Gili, R., Gianluca, P., Gori, D., and Manzoni, P. (2024). Efficacy of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccination to Prevent Lower Respiratory Tract Illness in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12050500"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric14020021","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs of General Practitioners from North-Eastern Italy (2021)","volume":"14","author":"Ferraro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric15010013","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prevention through Monoclonal Antibodies: A Cross-Sectional Study on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Italian Pediatricians","volume":"15","author":"Corrado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). WHO Preferred Product Characteristics for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccines, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20184064","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-4064","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness of Palivizumab for Respiratory Syncytial Virus: A Systematic Review","volume":"143","author":"Mac","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2023.04.015","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness of Nirsevimab and Palivizumab for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prophylaxis in Preterm Infants 29-34 6\/7 Weeks\u2019 Gestation in the United States","volume":"65","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380110","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2380110","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Immunization Patterns in Germany, 2015\u20132020","volume":"20","author":"Wick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics (2014). Committee on Infectious Diseases and Bronchiolitis Guidelines Committee Updated Guidance for Palivizumab Prophylaxis Among Infants and Young Children at Increased Risk of Hospitalization for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Pediatrics, 134, e620\u2013e638."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"46","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Compliance with Palivizumab Administration for RSV Immunoprophylaxis","volume":"16","author":"Frogel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Manag. Care Pharm."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy031","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy031","article-title":"Palivizumab Prophylaxis for Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Examining the Evidence around Value","volume":"5","author":"Olchanski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1239493","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and Palivizumab: Are Families Receiving Accurate Information?","volume":"27","author":"Weiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbati, F., Moriondo, M., Pisano, L., Calistri, E., Lodi, L., Ricci, S., Giovannini, M., Canessa, C., Indolfi, G., and Azzari, C. (2020). Epidemiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Related Hospitalization over a 5-Year Period in Italy: Evaluation of Seasonality and Age Distribution before Vaccine Introduction. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8010015"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozzola, E. (2022). Respiratory Syncytial Virus Resurgence in Italy: The Need to Protect All Neonates and Young Infants. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010380"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-024-01628-7","article-title":"Clinical and Economic Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children Aged 0\u20135 Years in Italy","volume":"50","author":"Dovizio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E230023","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.0023","article-title":"Monoclonal Antibody for the Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Infants and Children: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.4161\/mabs.1.5.9496","article-title":"Motavizumab","volume":"1","author":"Cingo","year":"2009","journal-title":"mAbs"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4400","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa951","article-title":"Suptavumab for the Prevention of Medically Attended Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Preterm Infants","volume":"73","author":"Geba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01699-4","article-title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccination and Immunoprophylaxis: Realising the Potential for Protection of Young Children","volume":"404","author":"Pecenka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01829-6","article-title":"Nirsevimab: First Approval","volume":"83","author":"Keam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29169","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29169","article-title":"Latest FDA-Approved Drug Nirsevimab-Alip (Beyfortus): A Gamechanger for Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus","volume":"95","author":"Talha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"(2026, March 25). Epidemiologisches Bulletin STIKO: Prophylaxe von RSV-Erkrankungen Mit Nirsevimab Bei Neugeborenen Und S\u00e4uglingen [Internet]. Available online: https:\/\/www.rki.de\/SharedDocs\/FAQ\/Impfen\/RSV-Prophylaxe\/FAQ_Liste_gesamt.html."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7309a4","article-title":"Early estimate of nirsevimab effectiveness for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalization among infants entering their first respiratory syncytial virus season\u2014New Vaccine Surveillance Network, October 2023-February 2024","volume":"73","author":"Moline","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Consolati, A., Farinelli, M., Serravalle, P., Rollandin, C., Apprato, L., Esposito, S., and Bongiorno, S. (2024). Safety and Efficacy of Nirsevimab in a Universal Prevention Program of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis in Newborns and Infants in the First Year of Life in the Valle d\u2019Aosta Region, Italy, in the 2023\u20132024 Epidemic Season. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12050549"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"2400046","article-title":"Early Estimates of Nirsevimab Immunoprophylaxis Effectiveness against Hospital Admission for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Infants","volume":"29","year":"2024","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400033","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.4.2400033","article-title":"Impact of Nirsevimab Prophylaxis on Paediatric Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-Related Hospitalisations during the Initial 2023\/24 Season in Luxembourg","volume":"29","author":"Ernst","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ezpeleta, G., Navascu\u00e9s, A., Viguria, N., Herranz-Aguirre, M., Juan Belloc, S.E., Gimeno Ballester, J., Muruz\u00e1bal, J.C., Garc\u00eda-Cenoz, M., Trobajo-Sanmart\u00edn, C., and Echeverria, A. (2024). Effectiveness of Nirsevimab Immunoprophylaxis Administered at Birth to Prevent Infant Hospitalisation for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12040383"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00215-9","article-title":"Effectiveness and Impact of Universal Prophylaxis with Nirsevimab in Infants against Hospitalisation for Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Galicia, Spain: Initial Results of a Population-Based Longitudinal Study","volume":"24","author":"Mallah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29483","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29483","article-title":"First RSV Epidemic with Nirsevimab. Older Children than Previous Epidemics, Even When Hospitalized","volume":"96","author":"Cantais","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricc\u00f2, M., Cascio, A., Corrado, S., Bottazzoli, M., Marchesi, F., Gili, R., Giuri, P.G., Gori, D., and Manzoni, P. (2024). Impact of Nirsevimab Immunization on Pediatric Hospitalization Rates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024). Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12060640"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jimeno Ruiz, S., Pel\u00e1ez, A., Labourt, A., Acu\u00f1a, F.M., Linares, L., Llana Mart\u00edn, I., Calle G\u00f3mez, \u00c1., and Mart\u00ednez, S.N. (2024). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Nirsevimab in Reducing Pediatric RSV Hospitalizations in Spain. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.09.13.24313619"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbas Del Buey, J.F., \u00cd\u00f1igo Mart\u00ednez, J., Guti\u00e9rrez Rodr\u00edguez, M.\u00c1., Alonso Garc\u00eda, M., S\u00e1nchez-G\u00f3mez, A., Lasheras Carbajo, M.D., Jim\u00e9nez Bueno, S., Esteban Vasallo, M.D., L\u00f3pez Zambrano, M.A., and Calvo Rey, C. (2024). The Effectiveness of Nirsevimab in Reducing the Burden of Disease Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection over Time in the Madrid Region (Spain): A Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study. Front. Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1441786"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2314885","article-title":"Nirsevimab and Hospitalization for RSV Bronchiolitis","volume":"391","author":"Assad","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"2300606","article-title":"Early Lessons from the Implementation of Universal Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prophylaxis in Infants with Long-Acting Monoclonal Antibodies, Galicia, Spain, September and October 2023","volume":"28","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anpedi.2023.09.006","article-title":"Nirsevimab for the Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in Children: Statement of the Spanish Society of Paediatric Infectious Disease (SEIP)","volume":"99","author":"Francisco","year":"2023","journal-title":"An. Pediatr\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"2400596","article-title":"Effectiveness of catch-up and at-birth nirsevimab immunisation against RSV hospital admission in the first year of life: A population-based case-control study, Spain, 2023\/24 season","volume":"30","author":"Olmedo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003665","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2025-003665","article-title":"Multicentre study on nirsevimab: Bayesian analysis reveals persisting risk for preterm infants","volume":"9","author":"Cocchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-025-01437-8","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Nirsevimab for the Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus among Italian Infants","volume":"45","author":"Bini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Principi, N., Perrone, S., and Esposito, S. (2025). Challenges and Limitations of Current RSV Prevention Strategies in Infants and Young Children: A Narrative Review. Vaccines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13070717"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01828-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01828-20","article-title":"Global Molecular Epidemiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus from the 2017\u20132018 INFORM-RSV Study","volume":"59","author":"Tabor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00570-X","article-title":"Genotypic and phenotypic characterisation of respiratory syncytial virus after nirsevimab breakthrough infections: A large, multicentre, observational, real-world study","volume":"25","author":"Fourati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy189","article-title":"Prevalence and Significance of Substitutions in the Fusion Protein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Resulting in Neutralization Escape from Antibody MEDI8897","volume":"218","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2022.2038053","article-title":"Global distribution of respiratory syncytial virus A and B infections: A systematic review","volume":"116","author":"Noyola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2025.2488211","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Nirsevimab for Preventing Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Infants: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Encompassing 11,001 Participants","volume":"38","author":"Tanashat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent. Proc."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2025.5280","article-title":"Nirsevimab Against Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visits for Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Infants: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"180","author":"Sumsuzzman","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.70199","article-title":"Population Pharmacokinetics of Clesrovimab in Preterm and Full-Term Infants","volume":"119","author":"Hu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"Merck (2025). U.S. FDA Approves Merck\u2019s ENFLONSIA (Clesrovimab-Cfor) for Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Lower Respiratory Tract Disease in Infants Born During or Entering Their First RSV Season [Press Release], Merck. Available online: https:\/\/www.merck.com\/news\/u-s-fda-approves-mercks-enflonsia-clesrovimab-cfor-for-prevention-of-respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-lower-respiratory-tract-disease-in-infants-born-during-or-entering-their-fir\/."},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2026, March 25). Enflonsia: European Public Assessment Report [Internet]. Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/enflonsia."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2502984","article-title":"Clesrovimab for Prevention of RSV Disease in Healthy Infants","volume":"393","author":"Zar","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2506107","article-title":"Clesrovimab in Infants and Children at Increased Risk for Severe RSV Disease","volume":"393","author":"Zar","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u0103duva, A., Dinulescu, A., Dr\u0103g\u0103nescu, A.C., Man, S.C., and Ple\u0219ca, D.A. (2026). Systematic Review: Efficacy, Safety Profile, and Cost-Effectiveness of Nirsevimab Versus Palivizumab for RSV Prevention in Children Under 24 Months. Children, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/children13030331"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.69854\/jcq.2026.0001","article-title":"Comparative Effectiveness of Monoclonal Antibody Prophylaxis for Preventing Se-vere Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Infants: A Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Nosho","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Clin. Quest."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.07.002","article-title":"Potent cross-neutralization of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus through a structurally conserved antibody recognition mode","volume":"31","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10085","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54384-x","article-title":"A potent broad-spectrum neutralizing antibody targeting a conserved region of the prefusion RSV F protein","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"SK Bioscience (2026, March 25). SK Bioscience In-Licenses RSV Preventive mAb Candidate from Gates Medical Research Institute. Press Release. Available online: https:\/\/www.biospace.com\/press-releases\/sk-bioscience-in-licenses-rsv-preventive-mab-candidate-from-gates-medical-research-institute."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonavia, A., Levi, M., Rouha, H., Badarau, A., Terstappen, J., Watson, S., Anderson, A.B., White, J.T., Ananworanich, J., and Taylor, D. (2024). RSM01, a novel respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody: Preclinical characterization and results of a first-in-human, randomised clinical trial. BMC Infect. Dis., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10120-w"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.04.005","article-title":"Novel Antigens for RSV Vaccines","volume":"35","author":"Graham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz653","article-title":"First-in-Human Randomized Study to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of an Investigational Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccine Based on Chimpanzee-Adenovirus-155 Viral Vector-Expressing RSV Fusion, Nucleocapsid, and Antitermination Viral Proteins in Healthy Adults","volume":"70","author":"Cicconi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e647","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae081","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of an MRNA-Based RSV Vaccine Including a 12-Month Booster in a Phase 1 Clinical Trial in Healthy Older Adults","volume":"230","author":"Shaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadj7611","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj7611","article-title":"Intranasal Parainfluenza Virus Type 5 (PIV5)-Vectored RSV Vaccine Is Safe and Immunogenic in Healthy Adults in a Phase 1 Clinical Study","volume":"9","author":"Spearman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae010","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Prefusion F Protein Vaccine (RSVPreF3 OA) in Older Adults Over 2 RSV Seasons","volume":"78","author":"Ison","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad108","article-title":"Reduced Respiratory Syncytial Virus Load, Symptoms, and Infections: A Human Challenge Trial of MVA-BN-RSV Vaccine","volume":"228","author":"Jordan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"999","article-title":"A Prefusion-Stabilized RSV F Subunit Vaccine Elicits B Cell Responses with Greater Breadth and Potency than a Postfusion F Vaccine","volume":"228","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307079","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of an MRNA-Based RSV PreF Vaccine in Older Adults","volume":"389","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox, F., Saeland, E., Thoma, A., van den Hoogen, W., Tettero, L., Drijver, J., Vaneman, C., van Polanen, Y., Ritschel, T., and Bastian, A.R. (2023). RSV A2-Based Prefusion F Vaccine Candidates Induce RSV A and RSV B Cross Binding and Neutralizing Antibodies and Provide Protection against RSV A and RSV B Challenge in Preclinical Models. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030672"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.05.062","article-title":"Evaluation of a Stabilized RSV Pre-Fusion F MRNA Vaccine: Preclinical Studies and Phase 1 Clinical Testing in Healthy Adults","volume":"41","author":"Nussbaum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.01.055","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of Novel Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Vectored RSV Vaccine: A Randomized Phase I Clinical Trial","volume":"38","author":"Samy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac407","article-title":"Phase 1\/2a Safety and Immunogenicity of an Adenovirus 26 Vector Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccine Encoding Prefusion F in Adults 18-50 Years and RSV-Seropositive Children 12\u201324 Months","volume":"227","author":"Stuart","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac481","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of a ChAd155-Vectored Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccine in Healthy RSV-Seropositive Children 12\u201323 Months of Age","volume":"227","author":"Epalza","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008748","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008748","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of Novel Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccines Based on the RSV Viral Proteins F, N and M2-1 Encoded by Simian Adenovirus (PanAd3-RSV) and MVA (MVA-RSV); Protocol for an Open-Label, Dose-Escalation, Single-Centre, Phase 1 Clinical Trial in Healthy Adults","volume":"5","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malkin, E., Yogev, R., Abughali, N., Sliman, J., Wang, C.K., Zuo, F., Yang, C.F., Eickhoff, M., Esser, M.T., and Tang, R.S. (2013). Safety and Immunogenicity of a Live Attenuated RSV Vaccine in Healthy RSV-Seronegative Children 5 to 24 Months of Age. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077104"},{"key":"ref_169","unstructured":"Walsh, E., Falsey, A., Patton, M., Stacey, H., Eiras, D.P., Jiang, Q., Woodside, J., Mikati, T., Kalinina, E., and Cooper, D. (2024). Efficacy of a Bivalent RSVpreF Vaccine in Older Adults Beyond a First RSV Season. Proceedings of the 8th ReSViNET Conference, Mumbay, India, 13\u201316 February 2024, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Foundation."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad281","article-title":"Evaluation of the Live-Attenuated Intranasal Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccine RSV\/6120\/\u2206NS2\/1030s in RSV-Seronegative Young Children","volume":"229","author":"Karron","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac253","article-title":"Evaluation of Recombinant Live-Attenuated Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccines RSV\/\u2206NS2\/\u22061313\/I1314L and RSV\/276 in RSV-Seronegative Children","volume":"226","author":"Cunningham","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad707","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of Bivalent RSVpreF Vaccine Coadministered with Seasonal Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults","volume":"78","author":"Athan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7229a4","article-title":"Use of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines in Older Adults: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices\u2014United States, 2023","volume":"72","author":"Melgar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2023.09.003","article-title":"Use of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines in Older Adults: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices\u2014United States 2023","volume":"23","author":"Melgar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_175","unstructured":"United States Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) (2026, March 25). AREXVY (Product Information) [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/arexvy."},{"key":"ref_176","unstructured":"United States Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) (2026, March 25). MRESVIA (Product Information) [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/vaccines\/mresvia."},{"key":"ref_177","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2026, March 25). ABRYSVO (Product Information) [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/abrysvo."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7241e1","article-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Use of the Pfizer Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine During Pregnancy for the Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Disease in Infants: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States","volume":"72","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"487","article-title":"FDA Approves MRNA-Based RSV Vaccine","volume":"23","author":"Mullard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_180","unstructured":"Wilson, E., Goswami, J., Baqui, A.H., Doreski, P.A., Perez-Marc, G., Zaman, K., Monroy, J., Duncan, C.J.A., Ujiie, M., and R\u00e4met, M. (2024, January 15). Efficacy safety of mRNA-1345, an RSVvaccine in older adults: Results through \u22656 months of follow-up evaluation of correlate of protection against RSV. Proceedings of the 8th ReSViNET Conference, Mumbai, India."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu-Raya, B., Maertens, K., Edwards, K.M., Omer, S.B., Englund, J.A., Flanagan, K.L., Snape, M.D., Amirthalingam, G., Leuridan, E., and Damme, P.V. (2020). Global Perspectives on Immunization During Pregnancy and Priorities for Future Research and Development: An International Consensus Statement. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01282"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.06.015","article-title":"Level of Maternal Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) F Antibodies in Hospitalized Children and Correlates of Protection","volume":"109","author":"Taleb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2017.08.017","article-title":"Transplacental Transfer of Maternal Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Antibody and Protection against RSV Disease in Infants in Rural Nepal","volume":"95","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofae314","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae314","article-title":"Transfer of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F Protein Antibody in Low Birthweight Infants","volume":"11","author":"Kachikis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000004173","article-title":"Disagreement FDA and EMA on RSV Maternal Vaccination: Possible Consequence for Global Mortality","volume":"43","author":"Willemsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2305478","article-title":"RSV Prefusion F Protein-Based Maternal Vaccine-Preterm Birth and Other Outcomes","volume":"390","author":"Dieussaert","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2419229","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.19229","article-title":"Perinatal Outcomes after RSV Vaccination during Pregnancy-Addressing Emerging Concerns","volume":"7","author":"Regan","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2023.01.013","article-title":"The Respiratory Syncytial Virus SH Protein Is Incorporated into Infectious Virus Particles That Form on Virus-Infected Cells","volume":"580","author":"Huong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7332e1","article-title":"Use of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines in Adults Aged \u226560 Years: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States, 2024","volume":"73","author":"Britton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.06.009","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Bivalent RSVpreF Maternal Vaccination to Prevent RSV Illness in Japanese Infants: Subset Analysis from the Pivotal Randomized Phase 3 MATISSE Trial","volume":"42","author":"Otsuki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_191","unstructured":"Government of Canada (2026, May 01). Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccines, Available online: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/healthy-living\/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines\/respiratory-syncytial-virus.html."},{"key":"ref_192","unstructured":"Haute Autorit\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9 (2024). Vaccination Maternelle Contre le VRS: Une Nouvelle Possibilit\u00e9 Pour Prot\u00e9ger le Nouveau-n\u00e9 [Press Release], Haute Autorit\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9. Available online: https:\/\/www.has-sante.fr\/jcms\/p_3522378\/en\/vaccination-maternelle-contre-le-vrs-une-nouvelle-possibilite-pour-proteger-le-nouveau-ne."},{"key":"ref_193","unstructured":"Haute Autorit\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9 (2024). Recommandation Vaccinale Contre les Infections \u00e0 VRS Chez les Femmes Enceintes, Haute Autorit\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9. Available online: https:\/\/www.has-sante.fr\/jcms\/p_3505344\/fr\/recommandation-vaccinale-contre-les-infections-a-vrs-chez-les-femmes-enceintes."},{"key":"ref_194","unstructured":"Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) (2026, May 01). Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Immunisation Programme for Infants and Older Adults: JCVI Full Statement, 11 September 2023, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/rsv-immunisation-programme-jcvi-advice-7-june-2023\/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-immunisation-programme-for-infants-and-older-adults-jcvi-full-statement-11-september-2023."},{"key":"ref_195","unstructured":"Superior Health Council (2026, May 01). Preventive Strategies Against Rsv Disease in Children. SHC \u21169760. Available online: https:\/\/www.hgr-css.be\/en\/report\/9760\/prevention-against-rsv-disease-in-children."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasset, M.O.J., Andrea Lopez Zapana, P., Bahadir, Z., Shook, L., Dennis, M.M., Gilbert, M.E., Liu, M.Z.A., Yinger, M.R.V., Bald, M.C., and Bradford, M.C.G. (2024). Longer interval between maternal RSV vaccination and birth increases placental transfer efficiency. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.14.24310390"},{"key":"ref_197","unstructured":"Rick, A.M., Deese, J., Kerr, J., Hui, J., Yu, G., and Chang, C.C. (2026, January 17\u201320). RSVpreF vaccine effectiveness against RSV-associated hospitalization with acute respiratory illness in US infants through 3 months of age. Proceedings of the ReSViNET Meeting 2026, Rome, Italy. Poster 274."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wadia, U., Ong, M.M., Cox, S.N., Le, H., Foo, D., Mankiewicz, S.W., Carr, J., Marshall, H.S., Clark, J.E., and Britton, P.N. (2026). Maternal RSVpreF Vaccine Effectiveness Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Hospitalized Infants. JAMA Pediatr.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2026.3391"},{"key":"ref_199","unstructured":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Soziales, Gesundheit, Pflege und Konsumentenschutz (2024). Impfplan \u00d6sterreich 2023\/2024, Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Soziales, Gesundheit, Pflege und Konsumentenschutz."},{"key":"ref_200","unstructured":"Health Council of the Netherlands (2026, May 01). Immunisation Against RSV in the First Year of Life-Executive Summary [Internet]. Available online: https:\/\/www.healthcouncil.nl\/documents\/advisory-reports\/2024\/02\/14\/immunisation-against-rsv-in-the-first-year-of-life."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.15775","article-title":"Investigating Respiratory Viruses in the Acutely Ill (IVY) Network. RSV Vaccine Effectiveness Against Hospitalization Among USAdults 60 Years Older","volume":"332","author":"Surie","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-00807-9","article-title":"Efficacy of Monoclonal Antibodies and Maternal Vaccination for Prophylaxis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease","volume":"5","author":"Plock","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.24082","article-title":"Nirsevimab vs. RSVpreF Vaccine for Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Related Hospitalization in Newborns","volume":"335","author":"Jabagi","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2025.2591816","article-title":"Comparison of the public health impact of RSV disease prevention options for infants: A static decision model of the US birth cohort","volume":"24","author":"Kieffer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-025-01469-0","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Nirsevimab for Preventing Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Related Lower Respiratory Tract Disease in Dutch Infants: An Analysis Including All-Infant Protection","volume":"43","author":"Zeevat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref_206","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) (2026, May 01). AAP Recommendations for the Prevention of RSV Disease in Infants and Children. Available online: https:\/\/www.aap.org\/en\/patient-care\/respiratory-syncytial-virus-rsv-prevention\/?srsltid=AfmBOopCbPVgy-sSXA11JMWteVSnhyJJ6-DYrEKeSAtU--gdurNp3rFH."}],"container-title":["Vaccines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/14\/9\/768\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T09:09:35Z","timestamp":1788340175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-393X\/14\/9\/768"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":206,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["vaccines14090768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines14090768","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-393X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-393X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}}}